大学英语四级写作高分技巧.ppt

写 作 高 分 技 巧,内容提要,1.四级写作题型简介 2.写作高分技巧 高分作文标志 词汇和语法高分技巧 结构高分技巧 3.考场意外应急策略 4.母语干涉对中国大学生写作的影响,1.大学英语四级考试写作部分题型简介,大学英语四级考试历经了2005年末、2006年初的大规模改革，但写作整体上说没有大的变动，或者说沿用了传统的出题模式，稳中求进。在题型设置上，仍然沿用了解释现象型、利弊分析型、解决问题型、校园应用文四种体裁，考查学生对这四种体裁的掌握。在阅卷方式上，仍然采用的是“一次性印象分+离散标准分”阅卷法，一次性印象分是指阅卷教师根据卷面整洁度、字体美观度在允许的范围内综合给出某些印象分，作为总分的一部分；离散标准分是根据作文单词、语法、结构、论点、论据等5个离散标准分别给分，以保证公正、公平、细致、合理。,改革后，写作部分占总分数的15%（105分），要求字数在120-180间，太多或太少均扣分。在单词（词汇）上，要求学生尽可能的使用大学词汇和短语来表达思想，遣词造句；在语法上，要求学生熟练运用虚拟语气、倒装句式、定语从句、分词作状语等中等难度以上的语法来表达思想；在结构上，要求段落分布合理，能有力的辅助考生表达思想；在论点上，要求考生观点分明，不能模棱两可或含含蓄蓄；在论据的使用上，要求有理、有据、有节。,2.写作高分技巧,2.1 高分作文标志,1：是否长短句交叉；2、是否会使用插入语；3、用词是否多样，准确，形象，尽量使用能够吸引阅卷老师眼球的闪光词；4、关键词是否换用，切勿老用重复词；5、句型使用是否准确、地道。,下面给出写好一篇作文的注意事项：1.适当用被动替换主动，这样能更客观的反映事实,句子开头不要总是用we/I(比如写结尾时不用we should pay attention to而用Attention should be paid to.)举个经典结尾2004年六月六级作文的最后一段：It is,therefore,high time that some applicable approaches were implemented by the service industry like that.By doing so，its competitive edge will be sharpened effectively.,2.善于使用插入语，比如说把副词、连接词等，作插入语放在中间，一般放在主语、动词或者助动词后，两边分别加上逗号。如however/therefore/for example/I believe 做插入语放在中间，一般放在动词，助动词后，两边分别加上逗号。比如说：Other individuals,however,take the attitude that,3.一定要学会换词，换形象，具体的替换太宽泛的。(考试中一般不要出现good,bad,many,thing,think,people,opinion 等等)比如上面例子中，applicable替换proper,approaches替换ways,implement替换carry out,sharpen ones competitive edge替换enhance ones competitiveness(提高某物竞争力),Computer and I By Simmy,I never forget the exceedingly thrilling day when my mother bought me a computer as birthday present,which exerted a tremendous fascination on me so that I indulged myself in googling an army of useful information I had expected,and enjoy a sea of melodious classic music.That night I was sleepless,feeling that the whole world belonged to me.,exceedingly 替换 very thrilling 替换 exciting sth.exert a tremendous fascination on sb 替换 sb.be interested in sth.google 替换 search for an army of 替换 a lot of,Sample 2,The dawn of the new century witnessed the increasing popularity of computers.Coincident with the advancement of science and technology,computers pouring into the current society as a fashion are appealing to growing individuals.It is no exaggeration to say we have been submerged by them,in a large number!,The dawn of the new century witnessed 是一个精彩句型，用来描述在某个时期发生了什么事情；Increasing popularity 替换 more and more popular Coincident with 非常地道的句型，表达“与一致”的意思，替换 With Advancement 替换 development Pour into(flood into/swarm into)替换 enter into currently 替换 now Appeal to sb.替换 sb.be interested in sth.Growing individuals 替换 more and more people It is no exaggeration to say 经典句型说某事是毫不夸张的,1.individuals,characters,folks替换(people,persons)2:positive,favorable，promising(有希望的)，perfect,pleasurable,excellent,outstanding,superior替换good 3:dreadful,unfavorable,poor,adverse,ill(有害的)替换bad；如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换 e.g.An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games,enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms.When it approaches to graduation,as a result,they find their academic records are less impressive.,以下是30个最经典的替换词,4.(an army of;an ocean of;a sea of;a multitude of;a host of;many if not most)替换many.E.g.:In this atmosphere,many if not most Germans came to believe that World War I was a sort of natural catastrophe,with no human authors.在这种气氛下，不仅是大部分德国人，很多人都认为一战是某种没有人为因素的自然灾害。5:a slice of,quiet a few,several替换some6:harbor the idea that,hold the view that,it is widely shared that,it is universally acknowledged that,deem,assume,consider,reckon,)替think,7:affair,business,matter 替换thing 8:shared,mutual,代 common 9.reap huge fruits,yield good result 替换get many benefits)10:for my part,from my own perspective,personally,as far as Im concerned 替换 in my opinion 11:Increasing(ly),growing,more 替换more and more(注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing.修饰形容词，副increasingly.Eg.sth has gained growing popularity.Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth.there is an growing number of people,20.be indicative of,be suggestive of,be fearful of,indicate代,suggest,fearE.g.:Fever maybeindicativeofan infection.发烧可能表明受了感染。21.give rise to,lead to,result in,trigger 替换cause.22.There are several reasons behind sth 替换.reasons for sth.23.desire,yearn for,long for,die for,crave替换want.24.bear/keep in mind that 替换remember,25.enjoy,possess,own,hold,替换have(注意process是过程的意思)26.interact,替换communicate27.frown on sth.,be against,替换,disagree with sth30.next to/virtually impossible,nearly/almost impossible,替换 impossible,2.2 词汇和语法高分技巧,大学英语四级考试的考试对象是在校大学生，不是高中生和初中生。所以离散标准分的第一方面就是词汇的使用，即大学生是否用到了大学学到的词汇，而不是重复运用初高中学到的词汇和短语来表达思想。熟记一些与大学外语四级考试写作息息相关的词汇和短语，是非常必要的。同时，用一些虚拟语气、倒装句式、定语从句、分词作状语等中等难度以上的语法表达也会使文章锦上添花。,2.2.1 解释现象型/现象分析的作文需要用到的大学词汇和语法 这种体裁一般让考生陈述一个事情或一个现象，并解释其原因，还要说明自己的看法。就以2010年6月四级原题为例，“英语学习中不重视拼写”现象分析，（1）如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写；（2）分析这种情况的原因；（3）为了改变这种状况，我认为,在完成第一部分时，要着重描述现象的普遍性，即不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写，以下是一些英语翻译。Many students do not pay attention to the spelling is very popular in English studying.()That many students do not pay attention to the spelling is very popular in English studying.()It is very popular that many students neglect the importance of spelling in English studying.()The phenomenon that many students neglect the importance of spelling in English studying is of great popularity in modern times.(),在分析这种情况的危害时，可以用到negative effect,not available 等大学词汇和典型的虚拟语气来辅助你表达思想。The neglect of correct spelling,more often than not(=usually/commonly),has a negative effect on the English study in modern times.()If the problem could not get the correct solution,a smooth English studying would not be available for the English learners.(),第二部分要论述导致“学生不重视拼写”这种现象的原因。表示原因的大学词汇和语法有以下几种：There are several reasons for the phenomenon.()The causes(=reasons),giving rise to the above phenomenon,are as the following.()The causes,however,are various.()The factors(=reasons),causing a great loss in English studying,lies in the following.()The factors,causing a great loss in English studying,consist in the following.(),插入语是使考生语法地道、富有原汁原味的技巧之一。把定语从句、时间状语、地点状语变成插入语成分放在主语和谓语之间，是一个高分的小窍门。The association which has saved a lot of patients of lung cancer,is awarded the“Government Prize”in 1994.The association,having saved a lot of patients of lung cancer,is awarded the“Government Prize”in 1994.The private colleges is popular in modern times,has got the approval from both the students and their parents.The private colleges,popular in modern times,has got the approval from both the students and their parents.,The factors,causing a great loss in English studying,result from the following.()There have been found a variety of factors,as illustrated by many scholars,giving rise to the above phenomenon.()There have been found various factors,as are illustrated by many scholars,giving rise to the above phenomenon.(),第三部分，涉及到自己的观点。关键性的表达有以下几处：表示自己的想法:As far as I know()As far as I am concerned()Provided with the opportunities to illustrate my opinion,I think(believe)()As to me,I hold such points of view as the following()In order to shift the situation,the measures,as far as I know,are as the following,表示自己提出的某种建议很重要：It is of great(fatal)importance to entitle the students to practice spelling at campus.()It is of great(fatal)significance to encourage the students in practising spelling at campus.(),表示建议：It is required that a student put the words into the practice of sentence making in daily life.It is a good idea that a teacher emphasize the importance of word spelling in the routine class teaching at campus.It is strongly recommended that a student put the words into the practice of sentence making in daily life.,2.2.2 利弊分析型的作文需要用到的大学词汇和语法 利弊分析型作文通常给出一种现象，让考生陈述其利弊两个方面，并阐释自己的看法。这种作文往往要陈述好处，再陈述坏处，最后阐释自己的观点。这三个步骤都需要体现大学的词汇和语法。以2008年6月的四级作文题为例，（1）娱乐的多样性；（2）娱乐的好处及危害；（3）自己的切身感受。,直接表示娱乐既有好处又有害处：The amusement both has goodness and harm.()The amusement both has the positive aspects and negative aspects.()The existence of various amusement,as it is,both has the positive and negative influence.()The existence of variety of amusement,being popular in the society,shows both positive factors and negative ones.(),在表示完诸多好处之后，前后承接，好处承接坏处时：Beneficial as it is,the amusement,however,is very harmful in more cases.()Beneficial as it is,the amusement,nevertheless,is very harmful under more circumstances.()Helpful as it is,the amusement,otherwise,shows its negative factors under more circumstances.()In addition to the unique contribution to the peoples life,meanwhile,it causes some inconvenience to the citizen.(),表示好处：The amusement,as is known to all,benefits the citizen in many fields in modern times.()To everyones satisfaction/gratification,the amusement as has been proved to be beneficial and available for decades.()The amusement is to the citizen what the nutrition is to the people.()The amusement is to the citizen what the nutrition is to the people,which(as)is of great importance in modern times.(),表示坏处：The negative aspects of the amusement,more often than not,overlap the positive ones.()The negative influence of amusement,however,is excessively unfolded to all.()The negative influence of amusement,tiny as it is,can not be neglected by people.(),A research done in Beijing University in 1999 illustrates that the amusement,if done after tensioned work,will benefit the people for a short time.(表示证据)The amusement is to the citizen what the air is to the people.(表类比)Only by this,can every one.（提出方法，倒装句式）It is beneficial both to the individuals and to the society,which can not be neglected.(定语从句表观点),2.3 四级写作结构高分技巧：,2.3.1 解释现象/现象分析型作文文本分析 一般来说，解释现象型的作文全文分三个自然段，学生不用添加自然段。第一自然段是描述现象（记叙说明），第二自然段是讨论原因（议论文），最后自然段是阐释自己的观点。第一自然段既然是记叙说明，那么要求考生按提示展开描写。我们通常采用“描述+引用”或“描述+案例”的模式。,描述部分从名词入手，可以直接翻译提示句，也可以改变几个词语，用上大学的生僻词汇。（以2007年12月份试题为例What Electives to Choose）描述策略1 As is known to all,the elective classes play a more and more important role in the educational system and many universities offer various electives for the undergraduates.,描述策略2：The elective class,as it is,becomes more and more popular to university students.Therefore,many universities offer various electives to the undergraduates.,描述策略3：With the development of science and education,the elective classes becomes a necessary element in the educational system.,“引用”既可以增加文章的可信性和生动性，又可以增加单词。引用某人的话证明现象存在，是四级高分的一大策略。引用时注意要说明人物的职位，他的职位一定要与文章有关联。还以“选修课”为例 引用策略1“Electives can enrich students knowledge,and can arise students curiosity to study”,said Chen Zhili,the minister of Education Department of China,1995.,“案例”与名人引用相互照应，使文章的第一段更加充实。案例策略1 For instance,among the 144 institutions in China,132 of them offer the electives for the undergraduates,which entitles more chances for the students to develop themselves.,案例策略2：As(So)far as now,such famous universities as Peaking University,Changchun Institution of Technology and Engineer,and Nankai University,offer electives for the students,which,to a large extent,enriches students knowledge.,第二自然段：论述原因 论述原因时，要从第一段话题入手，先阐释原因的多样性和可变性，然后具体涉入一两个原因。阐述原因不要过多，简洁明了，与第一段字数相当即可，因为阐释原因型的作文要求三段平均分配文字，不能写成中间多两边少的菱形结构。,论述案例1：（以2007年12月份试题为例）The university students,out of different reasons,choose to study the electives.Some want to study some knowledge with less relation to their majors,some want to enrich their knowledge beyond the textbook,others just pursue the fashion.,论述案例2：The college students,out of different motivations,choose the electives.Some want to study some knowledge with less relation to their majors,some want to enrich their knowledge beyond the textbook,others want to get the masters degree on the elective majors.,第三自然段：自我的观点 这一段要求写出自身的观点，比如，自己为什么选择选修课。最好自己的观点与上文给出的原因能匹配的上，不仅突出了原因的准确性，而且把某一原因扩展开来，省时省力。As to me/As for me/Take me for instance,Take me for instance.I am a major in Chinese language and my elective class is foreign cultures.On one hand,with the aid of foreign cultures I can study Chinese language better,on the other hand,Chinese language enables me to learn foreign cultures better,which is my point of view in daily life.,解释现象型作文：全文模式 At present time,with the fierce competition in science and technology,all universities,out of different reasons,provide varieties of elective classes to their undergraduates,which is very popular in Chinese higher education system.As(So)far as now,such famous universities as Peaking University,Changchun Institution of Technology and Engineer,and Nankai University,offer electives for the students,which,to a large extent,enriches students knowledge.The university students,out of different reasons,choose to study the electives.Some want to study some knowledge with less relation to their majors,some want to enrich their knowledge beyond the textbook,others just pursue the fashion.Take me for instance.I am a major in Chinese language and my elective class is foreign cultures.On one hand,with the aid of foreign cultures I can study Chinese language better,on the other hand,Chinese language enables me to learn foreign cultures better,which is my point of view in daily life.(162 words),结构小练习：以 On the Losing of Traditional Culture为例，1）现在许多传统文化正在消失2）传统文化消失的原因3）我的看法,利弊分析型文本分析 利弊分析型作文表面上看，试题中给出3个提示，所以在现实考试中，我们需要按3个自然段来写。第一自然段就现象的普遍性进行阐释，但不要谈意义。因此第一自然段只是说明和描述，不是论述；第二自然段写一部分人的观点和另一部分人的观点，最后一个自然段写考生自己的观点。,这类作文由于涉及了三方面的观点，所以关联词的选择和段落衔接显得非常重要。第一段不需太长，只是用平淡的语言展示现象的存在或普遍性就可以了。以下以2006年12月的四级考题为例。春节联欢晚会是否应该被取消 第一段例文1 The Spring Festival Gala performed in CCTV has lasted for about 25 years.It once was a necessary element in New Years Eve.But the famous Spring Festival Gala has recently put some people into a hot debate.(现象的普遍性进行阐释，不谈意义),第一段例文2 With the development of the movie and TV industry,the point of view that the Spring Festival Gala is a necessary part of New Year Celebration is not as stable as before.Some people sing high praise for it,however,others hold the contrary opinion.Therefore,here comes a hot debate.(现象的普遍性进行阐释，不谈意义),第二和第三自然段论述一些人喜欢春节联欢晚会而其他人不喜欢。这一部分切忌干干巴巴的说理，要注重用案例和引用。案例和引用不仅是英美最具有说服力的论证方法，也是使文章充实，字数足够的手段之一。这里的引用，不仅指引用人们的话语，也指权威机构的调查。,Some people think highly of the Gala.They said over 20years they and their relatives spent nearly all the Evenight before the TV set,enjoying the performance in the Gala.(“I think,it is a brilliant feast”,said Mr.Liu Xiaofei,ateacher in Beijing Number 4 Middleschool.)However,a lot of people hold the contrary opinion.They said that on one hand,the quality of the Gala is descending year by year and,on the other hand,people have found some other way to celebrate the New YearsDay addition to the Gala.(An investigation by Galop Corporation in March,2007 illustrated that only 61%of the people gave their approval to 2006 Spring Festival Gala.),第三自然段表述自己的观点，字数不要太少。表明自己的观点时，as far as I know,as far as I am concerned,as for me,这样的话比 take me for example,in my point of view,in my opinion 的含金量要高得多，希望大家踊跃使用。同时，千万不要写模棱两可的观点。As far as I know,the Gala is both a popular one and a disgusted one这样的话一旦出现，作为即得0-5分。,全文模式：The Spring Festival Gala performed in CCTV has lasted for about 25 years.It once was a necessary element in New Years Eve.But the famous Spring Festival Gala has recently