新标准大学英语三unit.ppt

Text,I,we,they,I,we,they1 A medium-sized Swedish high-technology corporation was approached by a compatriot,a businessman with good contacts in Saudi Arabia.The company sent one of their engineers let me call him Johannesson to Riyadh,where he was introduced to a small Saudi engineering firm,run by two brothers in their mid-thirties,both with British university degrees.Johannesson was to assist in a development project on behalf of the Saudi government.However,after six visits over a period of two years,nothing seemed to happen.,Text,Johannessons meetings with the Saudi brothers were always held in the presence of the Swedish businessman who had established the first contact.This annoyed Johannesson and his superiors,because they were not at all sure that this businessman did not have contacts with their competitors as well but the Saudis wanted the intermediary to be there.Discussions often dwelt on issues having little to do with the business like Shakespeare,of whom both brothers were fans.,Text,2 Just when Johannessons superiors started to doubt the wisdom of the corporations investment in these expensive trips,a telex arrived from Riyadh inviting him back for an urgent visit.A contract worth several millions of dollars was ready to be signed.From one day to the next,the Saudis attitude changed:The presence of the businessman-intermediary was no longer necessary,and for the first time Johannesson saw the Saudis smile,and even make jokes.,Text,3 So far,so good;but the story goes on.The remarkable order contributed to Johannesson being promoted to a management position in a different division.Thus,he was no longer in charge of the Saudi account.A successor was nominated,another engineer with considerable international experience,whom Johannesson personally introduced to the Saudi brothers.A few weeks later a telex arrived from Riyadh in which the Saudis threatened to cancel the contract over a detail in the delivery conditions.,Text,Johannessons help was asked.When he came to Riyadh it appeared that the conflict was over a minor issue and could easily be resolved but only,the Saudis felt,with Johannesson as the corporations representative.So the corporation twisted its structure to allow Johannesson to handle the Saudi account although his main responsibilities were now in a completely different field.,Text,4 The Swedes and the Saudis in this true story have different conceptsof the role of personal relationships in business.For the Swedes,business is done with a company;for the Saudis,with a person whom one has learned to know and trust.As long as one does not know another person well enough it is convenient to have present an intermediary or go-between,someone who knows and is trusted by both parties.At the root of the difference between these cultures is a fundamental issue in human societies:the role of the individual versus the role of the group.,Text,5 The vast majority of people in our world live in societies in which the interest of the group prevails over the interest of the individual.I will call these societies collectivist,using a word which to some readers may have political connotations,but it is not meant here in any political sense.,Text,Text,It does not refer to the power of the state over the individual but to the power of the group.The first group in our lives is always the family into which we are born.Family structures,however,differ between societies.In most collectivist societies the family within which the child grows up consists of a number of people living closely together;not just the parents and other children,but,for example,grandparents,uncles,aunts,servants,or other housemates.This is known in cultural anthropology as the extended family.,When children grow up they learn to think of themselves as part of a we group,a relationship which is not voluntary but given by nature.The we group is distinct from other people in society who belong to they groups,of which there are many.The we group(or in-group)is the major source of ones identity,and the only secure protection one has against the hardships of life.Therefore one owes lifelong loyalty to ones in-group,and breaking this loyalty is one of the worst things a person can do.Between the person and the in-group a dependence relationship develops which is both practical and psychological.,Text,Text,6 A minority of people in our world live in societies in which the interests of the individual prevail over the interests of the group,societies which I will call individualist.In these,most children are born into families consisting of two parents and,possibly,other children;in some societies there is an increasing share of one-parent families.Other relatives live elsewhere and are rarely seen.This type is the nuclear family(from the Latin“nucleus”meaning core).,Text,Children from such families,as they grow up,soon learn to think of themselves as I.This I,their personal identity,is distinct from other peoples Is,and these others are not classified according to their group membership but to individual characteristics.Playmates,for example,are chosen on the basis of personal preferences.The purpose of education is to enable the child to stand on its own feet.,Text,The child is expected to leave the parental home as soon as this has been achieved.Not infrequently,children,after having left home,reduce relationships with their parents to a minimum or break them off altogether.Neither practically nor psychologically is the healthy person in this type of society supposed to be dependent on a group.,我、我们、他们1 有一位瑞典商人和本国的一家中等规模的高科技公司进行了接洽，这位商人在沙特阿拉伯有许多关系良好的客户。于是，该公司派了一名工程师就叫他约翰尼森吧去利雅得，经这位商人引见，和一家小型的沙特工程公司合作，这家公司由一对兄弟经营着，他俩三十五岁左右，都拥有英国大学的学位。约翰尼森要做的是代表沙特政府协助一项建设工程。约翰尼森要做的是在为沙特政府的一项建设工程中给予协助。但是，双方在两年间进行了六次接触均无结果。,Text,每次约翰尼森和沙特兄弟商谈时，那位最初帮他们建立关系的瑞典商人都在场。这令约翰尼森和他的上司感到非常不快，因为他们不敢肯定这位商人是否跟他们的竞争对手也有来往，但沙特人却执意要介绍人在场。他们经常讨论一些与生意毫无关系的话题，比如莎士比亚，哥俩都是莎士比亚迷。,Text,2 正当约翰尼森的上司开始怀疑公司花大笔旅费派人去洽谈是否明智时，利雅得那边来了电报，邀请约翰尼森迅速赶赴利雅得，因为一份价值几百万美元的合同已准备好，等着他来签。一夜之间，沙特人的态度也发生了变化：那位中间商再也不用出场了，约翰尼森还第一次看见沙特人笑了，他们甚至还相互开起了玩笑。,Text,3 到现在为止，一切都进行得不错；但故事还没有结束。由于得到了这份大订单，约翰尼森被提拔为另一个部门的经理，他也因此不用再管沙特那单生意了。另一位国际交流经验丰富的工程师被提名接替他的工作，约翰尼森还亲自把他介绍给了那两位沙特兄弟。几星期后，从利雅得发来一份电报，两位沙特兄弟威胁说要取消合同，仅仅是因为一个有关交货条件的细节问题。,Text,他们请约翰尼森去协助解决。约翰尼森到利雅得后才发现，双方的矛盾源于一个很容易解决的无关紧要的小问题，但沙特人觉得一定要约翰尼森代表公司出面才能解决。因此，瑞典公司不得不打破惯例，允许约翰尼森处理沙特那边的生意，虽然他现在的职责是管理另外一个完全不同的领域。,Text,4 在这个真实的故事里，瑞典人和沙特人对人际关系在商业中的作用有着不同的理解。对瑞典人来说，他们是在和一个公司做生意；但对沙特人来说，他们是在和一个他们了解并且信任的人做生意。只要他们对某个人还不够了解，就会让一位双方都认识并信任的中间人或介绍人在场，这样做会比较方便。这两种文化的差异源于人类社会的一个根本问题：即个人角色与集体角色的问题。,Text,5 世界上大多数人都生活在团体利益大于个人利益的社会里,我把这类社会称作集体主义社会，集体主义这个词在某些读者看来具有政治意义，但我在使用这个词时不带任何政治色彩。,Text,它并不是指国家权力对个人的压制，而是特指团体的力量。我们生命中的第一个团体向来都是我们出生的那个家庭。但不同社会有着不同的家庭结构。在大多数集体主义社会里，小孩子成长的“家庭”有许多人生活在一起；有父母，有别的孩子，还有比如爷爷、奶奶、叔伯、姑姑、佣人及其他的家庭成员。这种家庭在文化人类学上被称为扩展型家庭。,Text,小孩在成长的过程中就学着把自己看作是“我们”团体中的一员，这种关系并不是出于个人的选择，而是与生俱来的。“我们”团体不同于社会上众多隶属“他们”团体里的他者。“我们”团体（或内部团体）是个人认同感的主要来源，是个人应对生活艰辛所能依赖的唯一的安全保障。所以每个人一生都忠于自己的内部团体，而背叛这个团体是个人所能犯下的最严重的错误。个人和内部团体之间会逐渐建立起一种相互依存的关系，这种关系既有实用价值，又能给人心理上的依靠。,Text,6 世界上还有少数人生活在个人利益大于团体利益的社会里，我把这类社会称为个人主义社会。在这类社会中，多数小孩出生在由父母和孩子组成的家庭里，当然，可能还会有别的孩子；在某些社会中，单亲家庭的数量呈逐渐上升的趋势。其他的亲戚住在别处，彼此很少见面。这类家庭被称为核心家庭（源于拉丁词nucleus，意为“核心”）。,Text,核心家庭里的孩子在成长过程中，很快就学会把自己看成是“我”。这个“我”即他们的个人身份区别于其他人的“我”，而且这所谓的其他人并不是以不同团体的成员身份来区别的，而是以个人特点来分类的。例如玩伴是根据个人的喜好来选择的。教育的目标是使孩子最终能自立。,Text,孩子一旦有了自立的能力，父母就会鼓励他们离开家。孩子离开父母家后，与父母的往来频率通常会降至最低点，或者完全断绝往来。在这类社会里，一个健全的人无论在实际生活中还是在心理上都不会依赖一个团体。,Text,Words&Phrases,compatriot,competitor,intermediary,dwell,investment,telex,contract,collectivist,prevail,versus,go-between,delivery,threaten,nominate,core,nucleus,nuclear family,individualist,loyalty,lifelong,in-group,remarkable,management,successor,extended family,anthropology,housemate,enable,playmate,membership,Words&Phrases,on behalf of,dwell on/upon,So far,so good.,be born into,stand on ones own(two)feet,parental,Words&Phrases,Swedish 瑞典的,Saudi Arabia 沙特阿拉伯王国（位于阿拉伯半岛）,Johannesson 约翰尼森（人名）,Riyadh 利雅得（沙特阿拉伯首都）,compatriot n.C someone who is from the same country as you 同胞；同国人e.g.1.Chris Robertson of Australia beat his compatriot in the final.来自澳大利亚的选手克里斯罗伯森在决赛中战胜自己的同胞赢得了比赛。2.My dear compatriots,it is time that we did something for our country.亲爱的同胞们，为国效劳的时候到了。,Words&Phrases,competitor n.C1)an organization or country that is engaged in commercial or economic competition with others（商业）竞争对手e.g.U.S.business is challenged by aggressive overseas competitors.美国企业正受到咄咄逼人的海外竞争者的挑战。2)someone who takes part in a sports competition（体育比赛的）参赛者e.g.The first prize was awarded to the youngest competitor.一等奖授给了最年轻的比赛者。Word family:compete petition petitive a.,Words&Phrases,intermediary n.C someone who talks to each of the people or groups involved in something,usually passing information from one to the other or trying to persuade them to agree with each other 中间人；调解人e.g.1.They were approached indirectly through an intermediary.通过一位中间人，他们进行了间接接触。2.He refused to act as an intermediary between the two directors.他拒绝充当这两个董事之间的调解人。Word family:intermediate a.中间的，中级的See also:go-between.,Words&Phrases,dwell vi.(literary)live somewhere（尤指作为常住居民）居住e.g.1.Fairies are said to dwell in the heaven.传说神仙住在天上。2.They are concerned for the fate of the forest and the Indians who dwell in it.他们十分关注森林以及居住在其中的印第安人的命运。See also:dwell on/upon.,Words&Phrases,investment n.1)C,U money used in a way that may earn you more money,for example money used for buying property or shares in a company 投入的资本；投资e.g.1.Great changes are in prospect in this area due to foreign investment.因为外资的引进，该地区会发生很大变化。2.When buying shares,its wise to spread your investment over several companies.买股票要分散投资于不同的公司才是明智之举。3.I dont really like modern art but I bought it as an investment.我并非真的喜欢现代艺术，购买作品只是作为一种投资。,Words&Phrases,2)sing,U the amount of time,energy,or emotion needed in order to make something successful 投入；投资e.g.1.I had made a personal investment in time and energy.我个人投入了时间和精力。2.The time spent in attending a one-day seminar is an investment in our professional futures.花时间参加一日研讨会是对我们事业未来的一种投资。Word family:invest v.,Words&Phrases,telex1)n.U a system for sending and receiving messages using a telephone line and a machine called a teleprinter that prints the 电传（一种通讯方式）e.g.I shall send you the information by telex.我将用电传把这一信息给你传来。2)n.C a message sent by telex,or the machine used to send or receive it 电传电报（通过电传发送的信息）e.g.He rushed in with an urgent telex from Hong Kong.他手里拿着一份香港发来的紧急电传冲了进来。3)v.send(a message)by telex 发电传e.g.They telexed their provisional acceptance of the contract.,Words&Phrases,他们拍出电传表示暂时接受合同。,contract 1)n.C a written legal agreement between two people or businesses that says what each must do for the other or give to the other 合同；契约e.g.1.You shouldnt enter into a contract until you have studied its provisions carefully.你应该先仔细研究合同的条款，然后再签订。2.The firm operates schools under contract to state education authorities.这家公司和州教育局签约办学。3.Im not a permanent employee;Im working here on a fixed-term contract.我并不是永久雇员，而是根据定期合同在此工作的。,Words&Phrases,2)v.enter into a formal and legally binding agreement 订立合同，订契约 e.g.1.Having contracted with them to do the repairs,we cannot withdraw now.我们与他们订有维修合约，现在不能撤消。2.They are contracted to work 35 hours a week.他们签下合同每周工作35小时。,Words&Phrases,remarkable a.worthy of attention;striking;unusual in a way that surprises or impresses you 值得注意的；显著的；非凡的e.g.1.He showed remarkable endurance throughout his illness.他生病的整个阶段都表现出非凡的忍耐力。2.The region is remarkable for its scenery.这个地区以其风景而著称。3.These cars are remarkable for the quietness of their engines.这些汽车因发动机没有噪音而不同凡响。,Words&Phrases,management n.1)sing,U the people who control and operate a business or organization:can be followed by a singular or plural verb 管理层，资方（后可接动词的单数或复数形式）e.g.The management is/are considering closing the factory.主管部门正在考虑把工厂关闭。2)U the control and operation of a business or organization 经营；管理e.g.The farm prospered through good management.由于管理有方，农场兴旺发达。Word family:manage v.manager n.,Words&Phrases,successor n.C someone who has an important position after someone else 继任人；继承人；继位人e.g.1.The chairman has designated Christina as his successor.主席已指定克里斯蒂娜作他的继任人。2.She proved herself a worthy successor to the former champion.她证明了自己是前冠军的当之无愧的接替人。3.She will hand over to her successor in one years time.她将在一年内向继任者移交权力。,Words&Phrases,Word family:succeed v.be the next person to take a position or job after someone else 接替；继任；继承e.g.1.Who will succeed him to the throne?谁将继承他的王位？2.Mr.Jones will succeed Mr.Smith as chairman.由琼斯先生接替史密斯先生任董事长。,Words&Phrases,nominate vt.officially suggest that someone should be given a job,or that someone or something should receive a prize 提名；推荐e.g.1.I nominate Bill as the club president.我提名比尔为俱乐部主席候选人。2.The film was nominated for several Oscars.那部影片被提名好几项奥斯卡奖。3.He has now been formally nominated as presidential candidate.他已获得正式提名为总统候选人。Word family:nomination n.,Words&Phrases,threaten vt.1)tell someone that you might or you will cause them harm,especially in order to make them do sth.（尤指为使对方做某事而）恐吓，威胁e.g.1.The strikers were threatened with dismissal if they did not return to work.罢工者受到威胁说，如果他们不复工，就会被解雇。2.The hijackers threatened to kill all the passengers if their demands were not met.劫机者扬言若不满足他们的要求，就把乘客都杀死。,Words&Phrases,2)be likely to harm or destroy sth.危害到；危及e.g.1.Melting glaciers will ultimately threaten food production.冰川融化最终会威胁到粮食生产。2.It will seriously threaten the prosperity of the country.这将严重威胁国家的繁荣。3.Many species are now threatened with extinction.许多物种面临灭绝之虞。,Words&Phrases,delivery n.C,U the process of bringing goods or letters to a place 送货；投递e.g.We have two postal deliveries each day.我们每天收到两次信。Choose the best answer.To speed up the _ of letters,the Post Office introduced automatic sorting.(CET4-2005-12-42)A)treatmentB)deliveryC)transmissionD)departureWord family:deliver v.e.g.His work was to deliver telegrams.他的工作就是送电报。,Words&Phrases,B,go-between n.C someone who takes messages between people who cannot meet or who do not want to meet 中间人；信使e.g.1.In some countries marriages are arranged by go-betweens.在有些国家，缔结婚姻要靠媒妁之言。2.A UN representative will act as a go-between for leaders of the two countries.一名联合国代表将在两国领导人之间斡旋。See also:intermediary.,Words&Phrases,versus prep.1)used for stating that two things are being compared in order to show that they are different or that one is better than the other 与相对；与相比e.g.Weekly consumption hit a new high,jumping to 68%versus 64%last year.每周消费达到了新高，从去年的64%跃至68%。2)used for showing that two people,groups,or teams are competing against each other in a sports event or a court case（体育比赛或诉讼中）以为对手e.g.The most exciting game was Harvard versus Yale.最紧张刺激的球赛是哈佛对阵耶鲁。,Words&Phrases,prevail vi.(fml)1)defeat someone in a game,competition,argument etc.（在比赛、竞争或争辩中）击败，获胜e.g.Your inner strength will enable you to prevail over lifes obstacles.内心力量将促使你战胜生活中的困难。2)exist at a particular time or in a particular situation存在；盛行；流行e.g.The old customs still prevail in the mountainous area.这些旧习俗在这一山区仍很盛行。Word family:prevailing a.e.g.Our guideline is the prevailing world market prices.我们以当时国际市场的