我们共同的未来-联合国报告.docx

UNDocumentsGatheringaBodyofGlobalAgreementsHomeISustainableDevelopmentEducationWaterCultureOfPeaceHumanRightsKeywordsSearchOurCommonFuture,FromOneEarthtoOneWorldFromA/42/427.OurCommonFuture:ReportoftheWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopmentAnOverviewbytheWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopmentTheGlobalChallengeSuccessesandfailuresTheInterlockingCrisesSustainableDevelopmentTheInstitutionalGapsThePolicyDirectionsPopulationandHumanResources2 .FoodSecurity:SustainingthePotential3 .SpeciesandEsystems:ResourcesforDevelopment4 .Energy:ChoicesforEnvironmentandDevelopment5 .Industry:ProducingMorewithLess6.TheUrbanChallengeIII.InternationalCperationandInstitutionalReform1.TheRoleoftheInternationalEnomy2 .ManagingtheCommons3 Peace,Security,Development,andtheEnvironment4 .InstitutionalandLegalChange4.1 GettingattheSources4.2 DealingwiththeEffects4.3 AssessingGlobalRisks4.4 .4MakingInformedChoices4.5 ProvidingtheLegalMeans4.6 InvestinginourFutureIV.ACallforAction1. Inthemiddleofthe20thcentury,wesawourplanetfromspaceforthefirsttime.HistoriansmayeventuallyfindthatthisvisionhadagreaterimpactonthoughtthandidtheCopernicanrevolutionofthe16thcentury,whichupsetthehumanself-imagebyrevealingthattheEarthisnotthecentreoftheuniverse.Fromspace,weseeasmallandfragileballdominatednotbyhumanactivityandedificebutbyapatternofclouds,oceans,greenery,andsoils.Humanity'sinabilitytofititsactivitiesintothatpatternischangingplanetarysystems,fundamentally.Manysuchchangesareaccompaniedbylife-threateninghazards.Thisnewreality,fromwhichthereisnoescape,mustberecognized-andmanaged.2. Fortunately,thisnewrealitycoincideswithmorepositivedevelopmentsnewtothiscentury.Wecanmoveinformationandgoodsfasteraroundtheglobethaneverbefore;wecanproducemorefoodandmoregoodswithlessinvestmentofresources;ourtechnologyandsciencegivesusatleast,thepotentialtolookdeeperintoandbetterunderstandnaturalsystems.Fromspace,WecanseeandstudytheEarthasanorganismwhosehealthdependsonthehealthofalitsparts.Wehavethepowertoreconcilehumanaffairswithnaturallawsandtothriveintheprocess.Inthisourculturalandspiritualheritagescanreinforceoureconomicinterestsandsurvivalimperatives.3. ThisCommissionbelievesthatpeoplecanbuildafuturethatismoreprosperous,morejust,andmoresecure.Ourreport,OurCommonFuture,isnotapredictionofeverincreasingenvironmentaldecay,poverty,andhardshipinanevermorepollutedworldamongeverdecreasingresources.Weseeinsteadthepossibilityforaneweraofeconomicgrowth,onethatmustbebasedonpoliciesthatsustainandexpandtheenvironmentalresourcebase.Andwebelievesuchgrowthtobeabsolutelyessentialtorelievethegreatpovertythatisdeepeninginmuchofthedevelopingworld.4. ButtheCommission'shopeforthefutureisconditionalondecisivepoliticalactionnowtobeginmanagingenvironmentalresourcestoensurebothsustainablehumanprogressandhumansurvival.Wearenotforecastingafuture;Weareservinganotice-anurgentnoticebasedonthelatestandbestscientificevidence-thatthetimehascometotakethedecisionsneededtosecuretheresourcestosustainthisandcominggenerations.Wedonotofferadetailedblueprintforaction,butinsteadapathwaybywhichthepeoplesoftheworldmayenlargetheirspheresofcooperation.I.TheGlobalChallenge1. Successesandfailures5. Thoselookingforsuccessandsignsofhopecanfindmany:infantmortalityisfalling;humanlifeexpectancyisincreasing;theproportionoftheworld'sadultswhocanreadandwriteisclimbing;theproportionofchildrenstartingschoolisrising;andglobalfoodproductionincreasesfasterthanthepopulationgrows.6. Butthesameprocessesthathaveproducedthesegainshavegivenrisetotrendsthattheplanetanditspeoplecannotlongbear.Thesehavetraditionallybeendividedintofailuresof'development*andfailuresinthemanagementofourhumanendronment.Onthedevelopmentside,intermsofabsolutenumberstherearemorehungrypeopleintheworldthaneverbefore,andtheirnumbersareincreasing.Soarethenumberswhocannotreadorwrite,thenumberswithoutsafewaterorsafeandsoundhomes,andthenumbersshortofwoodfuelwithwhichtocookandwarmthemselves.Thegapbetweenrichandpoornationsiswidening-notshrinking-andthereislittleprospect,givenpresenttrendsandinstitutionalarrangements,thatthisprocesswillbereversed.7. Therearealsoenvironmentaltrendsthatthreatentoradicallyaltertheplanet,thatthreatenthelivesofmanyspeciesuponit.includingthehumanspecies.Eachyearanother6millionhectaresofproductivedrylandturnsintoworthlessdesert.Overthreedecades,thiswouldamounttoanarearoughlyaslargeasSaudiArabia.Morethan11millionhectaresofforestsaredestroyedyearly,andthis,overthreedecades,wouldequalanareaaboutthesizeofIndia.Muchofthisforestisconvertedtolow-gradefarmlandunabletosupportthefarmerswhosettleit.InEurope,acidprecipitationkillsforestsandlakesanddamagestheartisticandarchitecturalheritageofnations;itmayhaveacidifiedvasttractsofsoilbeyondreasonablehopeofrepair.Theburningoffossilfuelsputsintotheatmospherecarbondioxide,whichiscausinggradualglobalwarming.This'greenhouseeffect*maybyearlynextcenturyhaveincreasedaverageglobaltemperaturesenoughtoshiftagriculturalproductionareas,raisesealevelstofloodcoastalcities,anddisruptnationaleconomies.Otherindustrialgasesthreatentodepletetheplanet'sprotectiveozoneshieldtosuchanextentthatthenumberofhumanandanimalcancerswouldrisesharplyandtheoceans1foodchainwouldbedisrupted,industryandagricultureputtoxicsubstancesintothehumanfoodchainandintoundergroundwatertablesbeyondreachofcleansing.8. Therehasbeenagrowingrealizationinnationalgovernmentsandmultilateralinstitutionsthatitisimpossibletoseparateeconomicdevelopmentissuesfromenvironmentissues;manyformsofdevelopmenterodetheenvironmentalresourcesuponwhichtheymustbebased,andenvironmentaldegradationcanundermineeconomicdevelopment.Povertyisamajorcauseandeffectofglobalenvironmentalproblems.Itisthereforefutiletoattempttodealwithenvironmentalproblemswithoutabroaderperspectivethatencompassesthefactorsunderlyingworldpovertyandinternationalinequality.9. Theseconcernswerebehindtheestablishmentin1983oftheWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopmentbytheUNGeneralAssembly.TheCommissionisanindependentbody,linkedtobutoutsidethecontrolofgovernmentsandtheUNsystem.TheCommission'smandategaveitthreeobjectives:tore-examinethecriticalenvironmentanddevelopmentissuesandtoformulaterealisticproposalsfordealingwiththem;toproposenewformsofinternationalcooperationontheseissuesthatwillinfluencepoliciesandeventsinthedirectionofneededchanges;andtoraisethelevelsofunderstandingandcommitmenttoactionofindividuals,voluntaryorganizations,businesses,institutes,andgovernments.10. Throughourdeliberationsandthetestimonyofpeopleatthepublichearingsweheldonfivecontinents,allthecommissionerscametofocusononecentraltheme:manypresentdevelopmenttrendsleaveincreasingnumbersofpeoplepoorandvulnerable,whileatthesametimedegradingtheenvironment.Howcansuchdevelopmentservenextcentury'sworldoftwiceasmanypeoplerelyingonthesameenvironment?Thisrealizationbroadenedourviewofdevelopment.Wecametoseeitnotinitsrestrictedcontextofeconomicgrowthindevelopingcountries.Wecametoseethatanewdevelopmentpathwasrequired,onethatsustainedhumanprogressnotjustinafewpiecesforafewyears,butfortheentireplanetintothedistantfuture.Thus'sustainabledevelopment'becomesagoalnotjustforthe'developing*nations,butforindustrialonesaswell.2. TheInterlockingCrises11. Untilrecently,theplanetwasalargeworldinwhichhumanactivitiesandtheireffectswereneatlycompartmentalizedwithinnations,withinsectors(energy,agriculture,trade),andwithinbroadareasofconcern(environment,economics,social).Thesecompartmentshavebeguntodissolve.Thisappliesinparticulartothevariousglobal'crises*thathaveseizedpublicconcern,particularlyoverthepastdecade.Thesearenotseparatecrises:anenvironmentalcrisis,adevelopmentcrisis,anenergycrisis.Theyareallone.12. Theplanetispassingthroughaperiodofdramaticgrowthandfundamentalchange.Ourhumanworldof5billionmustmakeroominafiniteenvironmentforanotherhumanworld.Thepopulationcouldstabilizeatbetween8and14billionsometimenextcentury,accordingtoUNprojections.Morethan90percentoftheincreaseWinoccurinthepoorestcountries,and90percentofthatgrowthinalreadyburstingcities.13. Economicactivityhasmultipliedtocreatea$13trillionworldeconomy,andthiscouldgrowfivetotenfoldinthecominghalfcentury.Industrialproductionhasgrownmorethanfiftyfldoverthepastcentury,four-fifthsofthisgrowthsince1950.Suchfiguresreflectandpresageprofoundimpactsuponthebiosphere,astheworldinvestsinhouses,transport,farms,andindustries.Muchoftheeconomicgrowthpullsrawmaterialfromforests,soils,seas,andwaterways.TheWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopmentfirstmetinOctober1984.andpublisheditsReport900dayslater,inApril1987.Overthosefewdays: Thedrought-triggered,environment-developmentcrisisinAfricapeaked,putting36millionpeopleatrisk,killingperhapsamillion. AleakfromapesticidesfactoryinBhopal,India,killedmorethan2,000peopleandblindedandinjuredover200,000more.LiquidgastanksexplodedinMexicoCity,killing1,000andleavingthousandsmorehomeless. TheChernobylnuclearreactorexplosionsentnuclearfalloutacrossEurope,increasingtherisksoffuturehumancancers. Agriculturalchemicals,solvents,andmercuryflowedintotheRhineRiverduringawarehousefireinSwitzerland,killingmillionsoffishandthreateningdrinkingwaterintheFederalRepublicofGermanyandtheNetherlands. Anestimated60millionpeoplediedofdiarrhoealdiseasesrelatedtounsafedrinkingwaterandmalnutrition;mostofthevictimswerechildren.14. Amainspringofeconomicgrowthisnewtechnology,andwhilethistechnologyoffersthepotentialforSlOwingthedangerouslyrapidconsumptionoffiniteresources,italsoentailshighrisks,includingnewformsofpollutionandtheintroductiontotheplanetofnewvariationsoflifeformsthatcouldchangeevolutionarypathways.Meanwhile,theindustriesmostheavilyreliantonenvironmentalresourcesandmostheavilypollutingaregrowingmostrapidlyinthedevelopingworld,wherethereisbothmoreurgencyforgrowthandlesscapacitytominimizedamagingsideeffects.15. Theserelatedchangeshavelockedtheglobaleconomyandglobalecologytogetherinnewways.Wehaveinthepastbeenconcernedabouttheimpactsofeconomicgrowthupontheenvironment.Wearenowforcedtoconcernourselveswiththeimpactsofecologicalstress-degradationofsoils,waterregimes,atmosphere,andforestsuponoureconomicprospects.Wehaveinthemorerecentpastbeenforcedtofaceuptoasharpincreaseineconomicinterdependenceamongnations.Wearenowforcedtoaccustomourselvestoanacceleratingecologicalinterdependenceamongnations.Ecologyandeconomyarebecomingevermoreinterwovenlocally,regionally,nationally,andgloballyintoaseamlessnetofcausesandeffects.16. Impoverishingthelocalresourcebasecanimpoverishwiderareas:deforestationbyhighlandfarmerscausesfloodingonlowlandfarms;factorypollutionrobslocalfishermenoftheircatch.Suchgrimlocalcyclesnowoperatenationallyandregionally.Drylanddegradationsendsenvironmentalrefugeesintheirmillionsacrossnationalborders.DeforestationinLatinAmericaandAsiaiscausingmorefloods,andmoredestructivefloods,indownhill,downstreamnations.AcidprecipitationandnuclearfallouthavespreadacrossthebordersofEurope.Similarphenomenaareemergingonaglobalscale,suchasglobalwarmingandlossofozone.Internationallytradedhazardouschemicalsenteringfoodsarethemselvesinternationallytraded.Inthenextcentury,theenvironmentalpressurecausingpopulationmovementsmaybeincreasesharply,whilebarrierstothatmovementmaybeevenfirmerthantheyarenow.17. Overthepastfewdecades,life-threateningenvironmentalconcernshavesurfacedinthedevelopingworld.Countrysidesarecomingunderpressurefromincreasingnumbersoffarmersandthelandless.Citiesarefillingwithpeople,cars,andfactories.Yetatthesametimethesedevelopingcountriesoustoperateinaworldinwhichtheresourcesgapbetweenmostdevelopingandindustrialnationsiswidening,inwhichtheindustrialworlddominatesintherule-makingofsomekeyinternationalbodiesandinwhichtheindustrialworldhasalreadyusedmuchoftheplanet,secologicalcapital.Thisinequalityistheplanet'smainEnvironmental*problem;itisalsoitsmain'development'problem.18. Internationaleconomicrelationshipsposeaparticularproblemforenvironmentalmanagementinmanydevelopingcountries.Agriculture,forestry,energyproduction,andmininggenerateatleasthalfthegrossnationalproductofmanydevelopingcountriesandaccountforevenlargersharesoflivelihoodsandemployment.Exportsofnaturalresourcesremainalargefactorintheireconomies,especiallyfortheleastdeveloped.Mostofthesecountriesfaceenormouseconomicpressures,bothinternationalanddomestic,tooverexploittheirenvironmentalresourcebase.19. TherecentcrisisinAfricabestandmosttragicallyillustratesthewaysinwhicheconomicsandecologycaninteractdestructivelyandtripintodisaster.Triggeredbydrought,itsrealcausesliedeeper.Theyaretobefoundinpartinnationalpoliciesthatgavetoolittleattention,toolate,totheneedsofsmallholderagricultureandtothethreatsposedbyrapidlyrisingpopulations.Theirrootsextendalsotoaglobaleconomicsystemthattakesmoreoutofapoorcontinentthanitputsin.DebtsthattheycannotpayforceAfricannationsrelyingoncommoditysalestooverusetheirfragilesoils,thusturninggoodlandtodesert.Tradebarriersinthewealthynations-andinmanydevelopingnations-makeithardforAfricannationstoselltheirgoodsforreasonablereturns,puttingyetmorepressureonecologicalsystems.Aidfromdonornationshasnotonlybeeninadequateinscale,buttoooftenhasreflectedtheprioritiesofthenationsgivingtheaid,ratherthantheneedsoftherecipients.TheCommissionhassoughtwaysinwhichglobaldevelopmentcanbeputonasustainablepathintothe21stCentury.Some5,000dayswillelapsebetweenthepublicationofourreportandthefirstdayofthe21stCentury.Whatenvironmentalcriseslieinstoreoverthose5,000days?Duringthe1970s,twiceasmanypeoplesufferedeachyearfrom'natural'disastersasduringthe1960s.Thedisastersmostdirectlyassociatedwithenvironment/developmentmismanagement-droughtsandfloods-affectedthemostpeopleandincreasedmostsharplyintermsofnumbersaffected.Some18.5millionpeoplewereaffectedbydroughtannuallyinthe1960s,24.4millioninthe1970s.Therewere5.2millionfloodvictimsyearlyinthe1960s,15.4millioninthe1970s.Numbersofvictimsofcyclonesandearthquakesalsoshotupasgrowingnumbersofpoorpeoplebuiltunsafehousesondangerousground.Theresultsarenotinforthe1960s.Butwehaveseen35billionafflictedbydroughtinAfricaaloneandtensofmillionsaffectedbythebettermanagedandthusless-publicizedIndiandrought.FloodshavepouredoffthedeforestedAndesandHimalayaswithincreasingforce.The1960sseemdestinedtosweepthisdiretrendonintoacrisis-filled1990s.20. Theproductionbaseofotherdevelopingworldareassufferssimilarlyfrombothlocalfailuresandfromtheworkingsofinternationaleconomicsystems.Asaconsequenceofthe*debtcrisis*ofLatinAmerica,thatcontinent'snaturalresourcesarenowbeingusednotfordevelopmentbuttomeetfinancialobligationstocreditorsabroad.Thisapproachtothedebtproblemisshort-sightedfromseveralstandpoints:economic,political,andenvironmental.Itrequiresrelativelypoorcountriessimultaneouslytoacceptgrowingpovertywhileexportinggrowingamountsofscarceresources.21. Amajorityofdevelopingcountriesnowhavelowerpercapitaincomesthanwhenthedecadebegan.Risingpovertyandunemploymenthaveincreasedpressureonenvironmentalresourcesasmorepeoplehavebeenforcedtorelymoredirectlyupo