《运动解剖学》-肌学.ppt

肌 学 Myology,第一部分头 肌 The Muscles of Head,头肌包括面肌和咀嚼肌,1、颅顶肌 额腹 枕腹 帽状腱膜 2、眼轮匝肌3、口周围肌 颊肌 口轮匝肌,面肌The facial muscles,咀嚼肌The masticatory muscles,1、咬肌2、颞肌3、翼内肌4、翼外肌,第二部分颈 肌 The Muscles of Neck,颈肌可分为颈浅肌和颈外侧肌、颈前肌、颈深肌三群,颈浅肌 the superficial group,颈阔肌 The platysma,为一皮肌起自胸大肌和三角肌表面的筋膜，向上止于口角作用：拉口角向下，并使颈部皮肤出现皱褶,胸锁乳突肌 The sternocleidomastoid,起自胸骨柄前面和锁骨的胸骨端，止于颞骨的乳突作用：一侧肌收缩使头向同侧倾斜，脸转向对侧；两侧收缩可使头后仰,颈前肌 the anterior group,1.舌骨上肌群二腹肌下颌舌骨肌茎突舌骨肌 颏舌骨肌,2.舌骨下肌群the infrahyoid muscles胸骨舌骨肌肩胛舌骨肌胸骨甲状肌甲状舌肌肌,颈深肌 the deep cervical muscles,1.外侧群lateral group前斜角肌 scalenus anterior 中斜角肌 scalenus medius后斜角肌 scalenus posterior,斜角肌间隙 Scalene fissure:前、中斜角肌与第1肋之间的空隙 有锁骨下动脉和臂丛通过,2.内侧群 medial group,第三部分躯干肌 The Muscles of Trunk,背肌胸肌膈腹肌,一、背肌The Muscles of Back,1、斜方肌Trapezius 位于项部和背上部浅层 起自上项线、枕外隆凸、项韧带、第7颈椎和全部胸椎棘突 止于锁骨的外侧1/3、肩峰、肩胛冈 作用：使肩胛骨向脊柱靠拢，上部肌束可上提肩胛骨，下部肌束使肩胛骨下降。如果肩胛骨固定，一侧肌收缩使颈向内侧屈、脸转向对侧，两侧同时收缩可使头后仰。瘫痪：“塌肩”,（一）背浅肌,2、背阔肌Latissimus dorsi为全身最大的扁肌位于背的下半部及胸的后外侧起自下6个胸椎棘突、全部腰椎棘突、骶正中嵴及髂嵴后部止于肱骨小结节嵴作用：使肱肌内收、旋内和后伸,竖脊肌 erector spinae 也称骶棘肌 为背肌中最长、最大的肌起自骶骨背面和髂嵴后部，沿途止于椎骨和肋骨，向上可到达颞骨乳突作用：使脊柱后伸和仰头，一侧收缩使脊柱侧屈,3、肩胛提肌 levator scapulae位于项部两侧、斜方肌的深面起自第6、7颈椎横突止于肩胛骨上角作用：上提肩胛骨，并使肩胛骨下角转向内。,4、菱形肌 rhomboideus位于斜方肌的深面起自第6、7颈椎和第1-4胸椎棘突止于肩胛骨的内侧缘作用：牵引肩胛骨向内上并向脊柱靠拢,位于脊柱两侧，分为长肌和短肌长肌位置表浅，主要有竖脊肌和夹肌短肌较多，有枕下肌、棘间肌、横突间肌、肋提肌等。,（一）背深肌,二、胸肌The Muscles of Thorax,（一）胸上肢肌,1、胸大肌起自锁骨内侧半、胸骨和第1-6肋软骨,止于肱骨大结节嵴.,作用：使肩关节内收、旋内和前屈 adducts and medially rotates arm,2、胸小肌起自第3-5肋骨止于肩胛骨的喙突。作用：拉肩胛骨向前下方,3、前锯肌Serratus anterior起自上8个或9个肋骨止于肩胛骨内侧缘和下角作用：拉肩胛骨向前和紧贴胸廓损伤：“翼状肩”,肋间外肌:助呼吸 肋间内肌：参与呼气肋间最内肌 胸横肌,（二）胸固有肌,三、膈 Diaphragm,分部：胸骨部：起自剑突后面肋部：起自下6对肋骨和肋软骨腰部：以左、右两个膈脚起自上2-3个腰椎各部肌纤维向中央移行于中心腱,裂孔：主动脉裂孔 T12 有主动脉和胸导管通过食管裂孔 T10 有食管和迷走神经通过腔静脉孔 T8 有下腔静脉通过,胸肋三角腰肋三角腰疝,作用:膈为主要的呼吸肌，与腹肌同时收缩，则能增加腹压，协助排便、呕吐、咳嗽、喷嚏及分娩等活动,四、腹肌The Muscles of Abdomen,前外侧群,后群,（一）前外侧群,腹外斜肌浅层，以8个肌齿起自下8个肋骨的外面止于髂嵴前部和腹股沟韧带，移行为腹股沟韧带。,结构：腹股沟韧带 inguinal ligament腔隙韧带（陷窝韧带）lacunar ligament耻骨梳韧带 pectineal ligament腹股沟管浅（皮下）环superficial inguinal ring,腹内斜肌obliquus internus abdominis 起自胸腰筋膜、髂嵴和腹股沟韧带外侧1/2。后部肌束止于下位3个肋骨。,结构：腹股沟镰或联合腱inguinal falxconjoint tendon提睾肌,腹横肌transversus abdominis 起自下6个肋软骨内面、胸腰筋膜、髂嵴和腹股沟韧带外侧1/3,腹直肌 rectus abdomen起自耻骨联合和耻骨嵴，止于胸骨剑突和第5-7肋软骨前面腱划 tendinous intersection,前鞘：腹外斜肌腱膜，腹内斜肌腱膜前层,腹直肌鞘,后鞘：腹内斜肌后层，腹横肌腱膜，在脐下3横指以下后鞘中断形成弓状线 白线：位于腹壁正中线，坚韧而少血管。,腹股沟管：在腹前外侧壁的下部，在腹股沟韧带内侧半的上方，有两口，长约4.5cm。走形男性精索和女性子宫圆韧带。,腹股沟三角：由腹直肌外侧缘、腹股沟韧带和腹壁下动脉未成三角区。腹壁下区薄弱区，腹股沟疝。,（二）后群,腰大肌起自腰椎体侧面和横突，止于股骨小转子作用：使髋关节屈和旋外,腰方肌 位于腹后壁，在脊柱两侧起自髂嵴后部，止于第12肋和第1-4腰椎横突作用：下降和固定第12肋，并使脊柱侧屈,第四部分 四肢肌 The Muscles of Limbs,上肢肌,上肢肌分为上肢带肌、臂肌、前臂肌和手肌,一、上肢带肌The Muscles of Shoulder,三角肌 Deltoid冈上肌 supraspinatus冈下肌Infraspinatus小圆肌Teres minor大圆肌Teres major 肩胛下肌subscapularis,三角肌 Deltoid冈上肌 supraspinatus冈下肌Infraspinatus小圆肌Teres minor大圆肌Teres major 肩胛下肌subscapularis,lateral 1/3 of the clavicle,acromion and spine of scapula deltoid tuberosity abducts,flexes&extends arm,三角肌 deltoid,大圆肌Teres major,dorsal surface near the inferior angle of scapula crest of lesser tubercleadducts,extends&medially rotates,肩胛下肌subscapularis,The subscapular fossa lesser tubercleadducts&medially rotates,肌腱袖,二、臂肌,肱二头肌Biceps brachii喙肱肌Coracobrachialis肱肌Brachialis,（一）前群The anterior group,肱二头肌Biceps brachii,the short head arises from the coracoid process,the long head from the supraglenoid tubercle radial tuberosityflexes shoulder and elbow&supinates hand,喙肱肌Coracobrachialisflexes and adducts肱肌Brachialisflexes,肱三头肌 Triceps brachiilong head arises scapula medial&lateral heads from humerus inserts on ulna extends elbow long head extend&adduct shoulder joints,（二）后群 The posterior group,三边孔和四边孔,第一层The first layer：肱桡肌 Brachioradialis 旋前圆肌 Pronator teres 桡侧腕屈肌 Flexor carpi radialis 掌长肌 Palmaris longus 尺侧腕屈肌 Flexor carpi ulnaris,三、前臂肌,（一）前群 The anterior group,第二层 The second layer：指浅屈肌Flexor digitorum superficialis,第三层 The third layer 指深屈肌Flexor digitorum profundus拇长屈肌Flexor pollicis longus,第四层 The 4th layer旋前方肌 Pronator quadratus,前臂前群桡向尺 肱桡旋前桡腕屈掌长指浅尺屈腕 拇长指深深方居,肘窝,浅深屈指肌腱止点,腕管,浅层The superficial layer,（一）后群 The posterior group,桡侧腕长伸肌 Extensor carpi radialis longus 桡侧腕短伸肌 Extensor carpi radialis brevis指伸肌 Extensor digitorum小指伸肌 Extensor digitorum minimi尺侧腕伸肌 Extensor carpi ulnaris,桡侧腕长伸肌Extensor carpi radialis longus 桡侧腕短伸肌 Extensor carpi radialis brevis指伸肌Extensor digitorum小指伸肌Extensor digitorum minimi尺侧腕伸肌Extensor carpi ulnaris,深层 The deep layer 旋后肌 supinator 拇长展肌 actor pollicis longus 拇短伸肌 extensor pollicis brevis 拇长伸肌 extensor pollicis longus 示指伸肌 extensor indicis,桡侧腕长与腕短 指伸小指尺伸腕深层旋后拇长展 拇短拇长示指完,Cross-Section Through Forearm,If I am looking down onto this section is it from right or left arm?,（一）外侧群1、拇短展肌 abductor pllics brevis2、拇短屈肌flexor pollicis brevis,三、手肌,3、拇对掌肌opponens pollicis4、拇收肌 adductor pollicis,Muscles of hand,（一）内侧群1、小指展肌 abductor digiti minimi2、小指短屈肌flexor digiti minimi brevis3、小指对掌肌 opponens digiti minimi,（一）中间群1、蚓状肌 lumbricales2、骨间掌侧肌palmar interossei3、骨间背侧肌 dorsal interossei,Muscles of hand,蚓状肌,骨间掌侧肌,骨间背侧肌,下肢肌可分为髋肌 大腿肌 小腿肌 足肌,下肢肌,一、髋肌,（一）前群1、髂腰肌 iliposoas2、腰小肌 psoas minor 3、阔筋膜张肌 tensor fasciae latae,Iliopsoas髂腰肌 composed of two muscles,psoas major腰大肌 and iliacus髂肌psoas major arises from the transverse processes and vertebral bodies of lumbar vertebra Iliacus arises from the iliac fossa Inserts into the lesser trochanter flexes and laterally rotatesTensor fasciae latae阔筋膜张肌,臀大肌Gluteus maximus臀中肌Gluteus medius臀小肌Gluteus minimus梨状肌Piriformis闭孔内肌Obturator internus股方肌Quadratus femoris闭孔外肌Obturator externus,（一）后群The posterior group,臀大肌Gluteus maximus臀中肌Gluteus medius臀小肌Gluteus minimus梨状肌Piriformis闭孔内肌Obturator internus股方肌Quadratus femoris闭孔外肌Obturator externus,dorsal portion of the iliac ala and the dorsal surface of sacrum the iliotibial tract and the gluteal tuberosityExtends and laterally rotates,臀大肌Gluteus maximus,the front surface of the sacrum the greater trochanterLaterally rotates,梨状肌 Piriformis,梨状肌上孔梨状肌下孔,大腿肌分为前群、后群和内侧群。前群缝匠肌 sartorius股四头肌 quadriceps femoris,二、大腿肌,缝匠肌 Sartoriusfrom the anterior superior iliac spine the medial surface of the upper part of the shaft of tibiaFlexes the hip and knee,股四头肌Quadriceps femoris has 4 heads 股直肌Rectus femoris arises from the anterior inferior iliac spine 3 heads arise from femurTibial tuberosity all act to extend the knee.Rectus femoris also flexes the thigh,耻骨肌pectineus长收肌adductor longus短收肌adductor brevis股薄肌gracilis大收肌adductor magnus,内侧群,股三角和收肌管,股二头肌biceps femoris The long head arises from the ischial tuberosity,the short head from the linea aspera the head of fibula extend hip&flex knee半膜肌 semimembranosus半腱肌 semitendinosus,后群,Cross-Section through Thigh,胫骨前肌 tibialis anterior趾长伸肌 extensor digitorum longus母长伸肌 extensor hallucis longus,三、小腿肌,前群,腓骨长肌peroneus longus 腓骨长短肌peroneus brevisplantarflex and evert the ankle joint,外侧群,后群,小腿三头肌 Triceps suraeconsists of two muscles 腓肠肌 gastrocnemius 比目鱼肌 soleusgastrocnemius arises femur flexes knee and ankle soleus arise from leg flexes ankle,浅层,腘肌 popliteus胫骨后肌 tibialis posterior趾长屈肌 flexor digitorum longus母长屈肌 flexor hallucis longusflexing ankle joint&toes,深层,小腿前群肌有三 母 趾长伸胫骨前外侧腓骨长短肌 主要作用是外翻后群浅层三头肌 止于跟骨成跟腱母 趾长屈能屈足 胫骨后肌可内翻,腘窝,四、足肌,再 见,