生物分离工程绪论.ppt
Chapter1 An Overview of Bioseparations（第一章 生物分离工程概述）,一、The position of Bioseparation in Biotechnology（生物分离在生物技术中所占位置）,By the purpose of biotechnology,we mean the use of carefully cultured microorganisms,animal cells,and plant cells to produce products useful to humans.（生物技术的目标就是指利用培养微生物、动物细胞、植物细胞来生产对人有用的产品。）,By this definition,biotechnology is as old as history,for the earliest known document(4228BC)includes a description of brewing.Bread;cheese,and yogurt are other early examples of product which depend on biotechnology.（按上述定义，早在公元前4228年就有了应用生物技术酿酒、制奶酪等的记载。）,Today,we restrict biotechnology largely to those areas where chemicals are produced as molecular.Under this more restricted definition,biotechnology is about 100 year old.（狭义生物技术的产物仅为化学产品，约有100年的历史。）,Effective ways to get useful products（获得产品的有效途径）,Products Engineering,Raw materials 原材料Pretreatments 预处理bioreactions 生物反应 bioseparations 生物分离 products 产物,Methods and tools of Science and Technology Research,二、Characteristic of Bioseparations（生物分离的特点）,A.Chief characteristic of biotechnology is the tremendous variety of products which are produced.生物工程的主要特点是生物制品多种多样,Table1 types of molecules manufactured by fermentation,If we made a more current list,we would add genetically engineered insulin,human and bovine growth hormones and interferons.This list gets longer daily.（还可以增加胰岛素、生长激素、干扰素等基因工程产品）,This diversity of products spawns the broad spectrum of separation methods used.（产品的多样性导致分离方法的多样性）,B.most bioseparation methods come from separations of chemicals绝大多数生物分离方法来源于化学品的分离方法,Comparison of separation processes used in bioseparations with more exhaustive classifications give the result in table 2.生物分离与一般化学分离方法的比较,Table 2,This table shows that 80%of all the separation methods for conventional chemicals are practical in biotechnology.上表表明大约80%的化工分离方法可应用于生物分离技术中,C.Bioseparations are more difficult than chemical separations.生物分离一般比化工分离难度大,Complex components（成分复杂）,Solids:intact organisms,fragmented mycelia,insoluble fractions of medium ingredients residual substrates,insolubles（固体成分包括完整有机体、培养基及底物中的不溶物）,Liquid:soluble portions of residual substrates,metabolic pathway intermediates and desired products（液体成分包括底物可溶物、代谢中产物及目标产物）,get highly purified dry products（获得高纯度的干燥产品）several steps（需要几步）separations are elaborate and expensive（分离过程精细，成本高）,2.desired products in dilute suspension（悬液中的目标产物浓度低）,Table 3 typical products from fermentation,For example:6steps 90%53%,Biological products require high quality 生物产品要求高质量：*purity（纯度）*sanitation（卫生）*biological activity（生物活性）,The recovery plant usually represents a major investment and,consequently the separations cost a substantial fraction of the total cost of the final product.（分离过程的成本占产品总投资的大部分）,Thus the recovery and the purification processes must be well conceived and well designed.（因此必须仔细考虑和设计产品的回收和纯化过程）,We have found that our own designs have been improved by answering the following questions:（设计中应考虑下列问题）,1.What is the value of the product?（产品价值）2.What is an acceptable product quality?(产品质量）3.Where is the product in each process stream?（产物在生产过程中出现的位置）,4.Where are the impurities in each process stream?（杂质在生产过程中出现的位置）5.What are the unusual physicochemical properties of the product and the principal impurities?（主要杂质独特的物化性质是什么？）6.What are the economics of various alternative separations?（不同分离方法的技术经济比较）,Careful consideration of these questions can provide clues that will lead to optimal processes for the recovery of products of adequate quality coupled with high recovery and minimum effort.（上述问题的考虑将有助于优质、高效产物分离过程的优化）,三.An idealized process（理想化过程）,The tremendous diversity of products and separations in biotechnology obscures and overall similarity between many of the processes which are used.（生物分离具有许多相似的单元操作）,From our experience,we find that most bioseparations have four similar steps:（生物分离一般分四步）A.Removal of insolubles(3 unit operations)（不溶物的去除）*filtration（过滤）*centrifugation（离心）*cell disruption(necessary when the desired product is intracellular.)（细胞破碎）Relatively little product concentration or improvement of product quality occurs.（产物浓度和质量得到了提高）,B.Isolation of products（产物分离）*adsorption-ion-exchang（离子交换吸附）*extraction（萃取）a.solvent extraction（溶剂萃取）b.reversed micelle extraction（反微团萃取）c.supercritical fluid extraction（超临界流体萃取）d.two-aqueous phase extraction（双水相萃取）,These steps,which are relatively nonspecific,remove materials of widely divergent properties compared to the desired product.（以上分离过程不具备特异性，只是进行初分）Appreciable concentration and product quality increases usually occur.（可提高产物浓度和质量）,C.Purification of products（产品的纯化）*chromatography（色谱）*electrophoresis（电泳）*precipitation（沉淀）these processing technology are highly selective for the product and remove impurities of similar chemical functionality and physical properties.（以上技术具有产物的高选择性和杂质的去除性）,D.Polishing（产品的精制）*crystallization（结晶）*drying（干燥）,中药动态水提取生产线流程图,BeerWell,Stillage,Fermenter,Beer Still,Screens,RotaryDryer,SprayDryer,DriedGrains,DriedSolubles,NeutralSpirits,Condenser,Rectifying Column,Purifying Column,Condenser,Heads,Water,Whiskey,*Ethanol from fermentation.,*Citric acid manufacture,*Penicillin production.,Production of bakers yeast,Production of monosodium glutamate,Recovery of an extracellular enzyme,Recovery of intracellular enzymes,Recovery of penicillin,Recovery of single-cell protein on a methanol basis,Recovery of toxoid vaccines,Recovery of while-cell vaccines,Chapter 1（习题）1.生物分离工程在生物技术中 的地位？2.生物分离工程的特点是什么？,3.生物分离工程可分为几大部分，分别包括哪些单元操作？4.在设计下游分离过程前，必须考虑哪些问题方能确保我们所设计的工艺过程最为经济、可靠？,
