[其它考试]FREIGHT FORWARD.ppt

Unit One,1.Definitions:International trade(6)influence of political parties in importers company.,Unit One,3.World Trade Organization(WTO)Functions:BasicTo implement,administer,and carry out WTO Agreement and it annexes;（执行、管理和实施世贸组织协定及其附件）To act as a forum for ongoing multilateral trade negotiations;（充当现行多边贸易谈判的论坛）To serve as a tribunal for resolving disputes;（作为解决争议的法庭）To review the trade policies and practices of member states.（评审各成员国贸易政策和行为）Additionally,cooperation with IMF&Word Bank,Unit One,4.Trade Barrier5.Steps:Starting with market researchSeeking customersContact each other by sending inquiries(询价)Status inquiry（询价状况）Quotations or offers;acceptance or non acceptanceOrder;contractObtaining import/export license;opening L/C，receiving L/CPreparation of goods by the sellerInspection or survey of goodsReserving shipping space（订舱）Effecting insurance（办理保险）Customs clearanceShipping advice（装运通知）Negotiation of export documents under L/C by the beneficiaryRedemption of documents（赎单）under L/CCustoms clearance for importDelivery of goodsLodging and settling claims（索理赔）(if any),Unit Two,Freight forwarding&Freight forwarderThe freight forwarders original duty The reasons for enlarging(1)expansion of international trade(2)Development of different modes of transport4.on behalf of the consignor 5.on behalf of the consignee,Unit Three,1.Incoterms 2000:13;uniform rules for interpretation of trade terms(用语解释贸易术语的统一规则)2.Tradtional three:FOB;CFR;CIF3.In FCA:(1)at the sellers premises,the seller is responsible for loading(2)any other place,the seller is not responsible for unloading.,Unit Three,Unit Four,1.UCP600 1st July,2007;2.Reasons for a Revision:(1)To address（满足、着重于）developments in the banking,transport and insurance industries.(2)To improve the drafting of the UCP in order to facilitate consistent application and interpretation of the Rules.(3)To enhance the reputation（名誉）of L/C as settlement means of choice among international traders.(4)To reduce documentary rejections.(5)Overall effect is one of clarification and consolidation（澄清与合并）,Unit Four,3.Major Changes of UCP 600(1)UCP does not apply unless it is expressly mentioned in the text of the L/C.不自动适用(2)The banks now have a maximum of five banking days following the day of presentation,and no longer the reasonable time not exceeding 7 banking days.7-5(3)Data in a document,when read in context with the credit,the document itself and international standard banking practice,need not be identical to,but must not conflict with data in the document,any other stipulated document or the L/C.（单据中内容的描述不必与信用证、信用证对该项单据的描述以及国际标准银行实务完全一致，但不得与该项单据中的内容、其它规定的单据或信用证相冲突。从“严格相符”到“不必完全一致但必须不冲突”。要求逐渐变得宽松。）(4)Under the new UCP,the commercial invoice must be made out in the same currency as the L/C.发票币种必须与信用证一致(5)Bs/L may now allow transshipment,provided that the entire carriage is covered by one and the same B/L.提单允许转运,Unit Five,1.Terms of Shipment:(1)Methods of transport(2)Port or place of loading and unloading(3)Shipping documents(4)Time for shipment(5)Partial shipment(6)transshipment,Unit Five,2.Time of Shipment(1)Shipment on or about June 20,2008(15-25)(2)Shipment not later than July 31st,2008(3)Shipment to be made during June/July,2008(4)Shipment within 15 days after receipt of remittance(收到汇款后15日之内装船)(5)Shipment within 30 days after receipt of L/C(收到信用证后30天内装船)(6)The words“to,until,till,from,between”and words of similar expressions applying to any date or period in the credit referring to shipment will be understood to include the date mentioned(包含)(7)The word“before and after”will be understood to exclude the date mentioned.（不包含）(8)The terms“first half,second half”of a month shall be construed respectively as the 1st to the 15th,and the 16th to the last day of such month,all dates inclusive.（上半1-15；下半16-最后一日）(9)The terms“beginning,middle,or end”of a month shall be construed respectively as the 1st to the 10th,the 11th to the 20th,and the 21st to the last day of such month,all dates inclusive.（上中下三旬）,Unit Five,3.The time of shipment should be stipulated in a clear and flexible way(清楚、灵活)。Expressions such as“prompt”,“immediately”,“as soon as possible”and the like should not be used.(3)Sometimes,the L/C simply stipulates an expiry date without a shipment date which means these two dates are the same.(同一日)(4)A,If the expiry date of the credit（信用证有效期）and/or the last day of the period of time for presentation of documents（交单期）stipulated by the credit falls on a day on which the bank to which presentation has to be made is closed,the stipulated expiry date and/or the last day of the period of time after the date of shipment for presentation of documents,as the case may be,shall be extended to the first following day on which such bank is open.（交单期顺延）B.The latest date for shipment（最迟装运期）shall not be extended by reason of the extension of the expiry date and/or the period of time after the date of shipment for presentation of documents.（装运期不顺延）,Unit Six,1.Definition:A letter of credit is the written promise of a bank（银行书面保证文件）to act at the request and on the instructions of the applicant and to undertake payment to the beneficiary（承诺付款给受益人）in the amount specified in the credit,provided that the beneficiary complies with the terms and conditions of the credit.Honor 承付Complying presentation相符交单,Unit Six,2.Parties Applicant:the party which applies to the bank for opening L/C(buyer or importer)Issuing bank:the bank that issues a L/C at the request of the applicantAdvising bank:the bank that advises the beneficiary of an L/CBeneficiary:the party in whose favor an L/C is opened and which should comply with the terms and conditions of the credit in order to receive the proceeds(seller,exporter)Negotiating bank:the bank that negotiates the beneficiarys draft（议付受益人汇票）.It may be the advising bank or another bank authorized to negotiate the documents,Unit Six,3.Characteristics of Settlement by L/C(1)The issuing bank has the primary liabilities for payment;开证银行有第一性付款责任(2)An L/C is a self-sufficient instrument（自足文件）;(3)It is simply a document transaction.单纯的单据性交易,Unit Six,4.Types Documentary credits(shipping documents required)Clean credits(光票信用证only drafts required)Irrevocable documentary credits(cannot be cancelled)Confirmed credits(confirmed by another bank)Unconfirmed credits(非保兑not confirmed by another bank)Sight credits(effect payment immediately)Time credits(effect payment not immediately)Other Credit：Payment（付款）credits,acceptance（承兑）credits,negotiation（议付）credits,anticipatory（预支）credit,revolving（循环）credits,transferable（可转让）credits,back-to-back credits（背对背）,etc.,Unit Seven,1.Shipping Service(1)Scheduled conference lines(shipping conference)non-conference lines Non-vessel operating common carrier NVOCC(relations)(2)Tramp(Chartering Business),Unit Seven,2.Shipping conference(1)The purpose eliminate price competition among member lines 消除成员公司之间的价格竞争 reduce outside competition 减少外部竞争(2)Advantages:to shippers stability of freight rates regularity of services(3)DisadvantagesRates are usually high.Rates do not fluctuate according to supply and demand Rates and procedures are inflexible,Unit Seven,3.Non-Conference lines Pose a challenge to conference linesThe reason whydevelopment of containerization 集装箱化发展emergence of many independent carriers.独立承运人的出现Result:conference lines come to terms with non-conference lines with regard to rates,and terms and conditions of service,Unit Seven,4.Relations(1)NVOCC-Actual shipper carrier shipper(2)NVOCC-Acutal carrier shipper carrierRender a useful service:consolidation,Unit seven,5.Shipping documentsThe bill of ladingSea waybill(3)Cargo manifest(4)Shipping(Booking)note(5)Delivery order(6)Mates receipt,Unit Eight,1.Voyage chartering(1)Voyage charter party:the names of the parties the name and nationality of the ship bale or grain capacity description of the goods to be loaded port of loading and discharge time for loading and discharge payment of freight demurrage,dispatch and other relevant matters.(2)Costs allocation(3)Stardard forms:Gencon,Unit Eight,2.Time charteringthe shipowner provides a designated manned ship to the charterer,and the charterer employs the ship for a specific period against payment of hire.Liabilities(1)shipowner:crew;nautical operation and maintenance of the vessel and supervision of the cargo(2)charterer:costs directly connected with the use of the vessel,for example,bunker costs and port charges and pays for the loading and discharging.Stardard forms:NYPE&BALTIME3.Bareboat chartering BARECON,Unit nine,1.Bill of lading(1)functions:receipt for the goods shippedA document of title to the goodsEvidence of the terms of the contract of affreightment.(2)Types:Order bills of lading;Straight bills of lading;Shipped bills of lading;Received for shipment bills of lading;Direct bills of lading;Through bills of lading;Clean bills of lading;Foul bills of lading(unclean bill of lading,dirty bill of lading or claused bill of lading),Unit nine,(3)Drawing up Contents:quantity of cargo,accurate cargo description and condition,date of the bill of lading,names of shipper and consignee,port of loading and discharging,ships name,terms and conditions of carriage and payment of freight.Parties:shipper;consignee;notify party;carrierThe date of B/L:The cargo is actually loaded,Unit Ten,1.Ocean freight rate:(1)Tramp rates:fluctuate(2)Liner freight rates:fixedfreight forwardercosts:A:Fixed costs:B:Variable costs:fuel;loadingportsmargin of profit,Unit Ten,2.Determining the Ocean Freight Rates Stowage factorDistanceThe principle of“What the traffic can bear”（运输所能承受）.“service cost”principle/The open market rates,Unit Ten,3.SurchargesCurrency adjustment factor（CAF）Bunker adjustment factor（BAF）Port congestion surchargesContainer freight:(1)Commodity box rates（包箱费率，分货种 CBR(2)Freight all kinds rates（均一费率，不分货种）FAK,Unit Eleven,Principle of marine cargo insurance.(1)Insurable interest(2)Utmost good faith(3)Proximate cause(4)Indemnity(letter of indemnity)2.Insurance Premium:1%guiding rateEffecting factors(1)type of goods(2)the country and distance of destination(3)value of the goods(4)mode of transportation(5)the type of risks covered(6)container or bulk shipment(7)type of packing The minimum amount insured should be the CIF or the CIP value of the goods plus 10%,Unit Eleven,3.Insurance Policy(1)issued by the insurer or underwriter to the assured.(2)Format is vary,main ones:Insurance policy Insurance certificate,Insurance endorsement,Unit Eleven,4.Basic coverage:PICC costs incurred by the assured in salvaging the goods or averting or minimizing a loss recoverable under the policy.,Unit Eleven,With Average(WA)=FPA+partial loss(natural calamities)All Risks=WA+General additional risksAdditional risks:A:General:pilferage&non-delivery risks,fresh water and/or rain damage risks,shortage risks,intermixture and contamination risks,leakage risks,clash and breakage risks,taint of odour risks,sweat and heating risks,hook damage risks,breakage of packing risks and rust risks B:Special:war,strike and other special additional risks such as failure to delivery,import duty,on deck,rejection,aflatoxin（黄曲霉素）etc.,Unit Eleven,Exclusions除外loss or damage caused by the intentional act or fault of the insured loss or damage falling under the liability of the consignor loss or damage arising from the inferior quality（品质不良）or shortage of the insured goods prior to the attachment of the insurance loss or damage arising from ordinary loss inherent vice or nature of the insured goods loss or expense caused by fall of market prices delay in transit,Unit Eleven,（2）Institute Cargo Clause ICC AALL RISKICC BICC C,Unit Twelve,Arrival Formalities(1)Call at a custom port(2)Ship master or agent submit“Import Manifest”+documents to customs authoritiesDocuments:Certificates like the load line afety radio telegraphy and safety equipment Certificate of registry Port clearance from the last port of call Crew list&Stores list Declaration regarding personal property of officers and crew(3)customs authorities grant“Entry Inwords”(4)Vessel can unloading goods,Unit Twelve,2.Departure Formalities(1)Loading goods(2)Submit Export Manifest to port authorities to apply the port clearence(3)port authorities grant the written permission“port clearence”(4)Vessel departure,Unit Twelve,3.Custom clearance(cargo)(1)ImportCustoms Declaration Bill of Entry Inward Permit customs examine and appraise the goods A:physical（实体）B:documentary Remove out of customs control,Unit Twelve,(2)ExportCustoms Declaration Shipping bill+documentsOutward Permit customs examine and appraise the goods A:physical（实体）B:documentary load on the vessel,Unit Thirteen,1.Rail and Road Transport:same in domestic and complementary for each other;rail for long haul and road for local collection and distribution.2.CMR,1956,ratified only by Europe countries,but forwarders outside Europe still need to know3.The countries outside the Europe are governed by national laws and ordinances(different in countries),Unit Thirteen,4.Carriers responsibilities under CMRThe acts and omissions of his agents and servants or other persons whose services he makes use of;Loss of or damage to the goods occurring between the time he takes over the goods and the time of delivery as well as for any delay in delivery.,Unit Thirteen,5.Carriers exceptions Any wrongful act or neglect of the consignor;Inherent vice of the goods Circumstances which he could not avoid the consequence of which he was unable to prevent.6.shall not be relieved of liability the defective condition of the vehicle used by him in order to perform the carriage wrongful act or neglect of the person from whom he may have hired the vehicle or of the agents or servants of the latter,Unit Fourteen,1.Consolidation2.Status of consolidatorprovide the service in his own name and issue a house bill of lading To the individual consignors,the consolidator is the carrier,with the actual carrier,he is the consignor The individual consignors and consignees do not deal directly with the actual carrier.,Unit Fourteen,3.Advantagesbenefit all concerned For exporters and shippers:lower rates,especially for small shippers;deal through a freight forwarder instead of approaching several shipping lines benefit a carrier:considerable savings in paperwork and time;more intensive utilization of his carrying capacity;saves on the expenditure;does not have to take the risk of freight payments by the individual shippers,Unit 15,1.Multimodal transport(1)One multimodal transport operator(2)More than one mode of transport(3)Flat rate(4)Full responsibility for whole carriage,Unit 15,2.Advantages Minimizing time loss at transshipment points;Providing faster transit of goods;Reducing the burden of documentation and formalities;Saving costs;Establishing only one agency(MTO)to deal with;Reducing cost of exports:,Unit 15,3.Types of combinations Sea/air:economy of sea transport and the speed of air transport;favor high value items air/road Rail/road/inland waterways-s