初中英语句子结构ppt.ppt

Grammar,sentences,课件制作者May,句子成份,句子一般由两个部分组成：,主语部分（subject group）,谓语部分（predicate group）,句子成份：,主,谓,宾,表,补,定,状,Members of sentence:S-subjectP-predicative O-objectAttri.-attributeAdv.-adverb Oc-object complement,主,宾,表,补,定,状,1)主语（subject）,I like football.,The boy needs a pen.,句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由 担任,常置于句首。,2)谓语（predicate）,说明主语的动作或状态。由 担任。常置于主语后。,The train leaves at 6 oclock.,I want a ticket.,动词不定式,动名词 或从句,名词,主格代词,动词,1.During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.2.We often speak English in class.3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health.6.The rich should help the poor.,7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.,（主语从句）,（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）,（三）谓语,2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks.（2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如：Do you speak English？They are working in a field.He has caught a bad cold.（3）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。,3)宾语（object）,4)表语（predicative）,He won the game.,表示vt.的动作对象或prep.所联系的对象。由n.或相当于n.的词担任。置于vt.或prep.后。,Tome lost his life in the big fire.,He is a student.,用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。由n.或adj.担任。置于系动词之后。,表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：,（五）宾语,宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have?I have five.,（名词）,（代词、动名词）,（名词、数词）,4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not to see me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.,（名词化形容词，名词）,（不定式短语）,（动名词短语）,（宾语从句）,宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：He sent the novel to William yesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：She bought a gift for her mother.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.,下列动词只能接动名词做宾语 admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：John has admitted breaking the window.,下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。forget to do表示“未发生的动作”，forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。如：Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来)I forgot returning the book to him.(书已还给他了),除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表感官的动词:2)表转变变化的动词:3)表延续的动词,feel,smell,taste,sound,look,appear,seem 等。,become,get,grow,turn,go,等,remain,keep,hold,stay,rest等。,注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。,1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher.2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：He always kept silent at meeting.3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：He seems(to be)very sad.,注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。,4）感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：The river was beginning to run dry.6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turn out,表达结果是;证明是，之意，例如：The rumor proved false.His plan turned out a success.,1.Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）2.Is it yours?（代词）3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词）4.The speech is exciting.（分词）5.Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）,6.His job is to teach English.（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（动名词）8.The meeting is of great importance.（介词短语）9.Time is up.The class is over.（副词）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）,5)宾补（objective complement）,补充说明宾语的情况。由n./adj./介宾/分词/不定式等担任。,They made him king.,I consider the book too expensive.,6)定语（attributive）对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示,通常位于被修饰的成分前。,The black bike is mine.,(),（六）宾语补足语,宾语补足语（Object Complement），用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach，ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：,1.His father named him Xiaoming.2.They painted their boat white.3.Let the fresh air in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5.We saw her entering the room.6.We found everything in the lab in good order.7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.,（名词）,（形容词）,（副词）,（不定式短语）,（现在分词）,（介词短语）,（从句）,说明1：当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing,anything,everything,something 等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语 我告诉他一些有趣的事情。I tell him something interesting.说明2：不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。这间屋子里的男孩子们是10班的。The boys in the room are in Class Ten.,（七）定语,修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）2.China is a developing country;America is a developed country.（分词）3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）,5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）8.She is the girl who sings best in my class.(定语从句),7)状语（adverbial）,用以修饰adj./v./adv.及全句,位置灵活。通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。,I am very sorry.We often help him.When I grow up,I am going to be a teacher.（从句作时间状语),（八）状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示：1.Light travels most quickly.2.He has lived in the city for ten years.3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.,（副词及副词性词组）,（介词短语）,（不定式短语）,9种状语种类如下：,1.How about meeting again at six?2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain.4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor.5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.,（时间状语）,（原因状语）,（条件状语）,（地点状语）,（方式状语）,She came in with a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.8.She works very hard though she is old.9.I am taller than he is.,（伴随状语）,（目的状语）,（结果状语）,（让步状语）,（比较状语）,（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：This is Mr.Zhou,our headmaster.（十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest,I think(suppose,believe-)等，如：To be frank,I dont quite agree with you.,四、选择填空：,()1._ will leave for Beijing.A.Now there the man B.The man here nowC.The man who is here now D.The man is here now()2.The weather _.A.wet and cold B.is wet and coldC.not wet and coldD.were wet and cold()3.The apple tasted _.A.sweets B.sweetly C.nicely D.sweet,()4.He got up _ yesterday morning.A.lately B.late C.latest D.latter()5.The actor _at the age of 70.A.dead B.died C.dyed D.dying()6._ were all very tired,but none of _ would stop to take a rest.A.We,us B.Us,we C.We,our D.We,we,()7.He found the street much _.A.crowd B.crowding C.crowded D.crowdedly()8.I think _necessary to learn English well.A.its B.it C.that D.that is,()9.The dog _ mad.A.looks B.is looked C.is being looked D.was looked()10.I will never forget the day _ I joined the army.A.that B.when C.in which D.where,句子成分详解表,句子类型,简单句,并列句,复合句,.简单句,1.Things changed.2.Trees are green.3.We dont beat children.4.He gave his sister the piano.5.I found the book easy.,主+谓,主+谓+表,主+谓+宾,主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语,主+谓+宾+宾补,Nobody went.She became a doctor.The car caught fire.I will write you a long letter.I will let him go.,Practice,主+谓,主+谓+表,主+谓+宾,主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语,主+谓+宾+宾补,.并列句,This is me and these are my friends.They must stay in water,or they will die.Its not cheap,but it is very good.It was late,so I went to bed.,and,or,but,so,He knocked at the door;there was no answer.Youre alive!And shes dead.,并列句1.并列关系并列句连词有：and,not onlybut also,neithernor2.转折关系并列句连词有：but,yet,however3.选择关系并列句连词有：or.,eitheror.4.因果关系并列句连词有：for,so,therefore,例句并列关系：I hope him and he help me转折关系：He tried open the door,but he couldnt 选择关系：Either you are foolish or he is因果关系：the students are on holidays,therefore you can see them today。,名词性从句,状语从句,定语从句,主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句,.复合句,A plane is a machine that can fly.,He said that he didnt like her.,主语从句名词性的从句可作句子主语，这种从句称为主语从句。主语从句的引导词通常有who whom when where why what how which whose whether等，主语从句的引导词不能省略，由从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式What I said is important to youHow to get there is still not decideWhether to do it or not is what we will discuss tomorrow是否做那件事是我们每天将要讨论的事,说明：主语从句可以直接放在主语位置，也可用it作做形式主语1.That light travels in straight lines is known to all It is known to all that light travels in straight lines 众所周知，光是以直线运行2.When the plane is to take off has not been announced It has not been announced when the plane is to take off 飞机什么时候起飞还没有公布,1.It is+形容词+从句2.It is necessary that有必要3.It is clear that.很清楚4.It is(un)likely that 很可能5.It is important that主要的是.,1.It is+过去分词+从句2.It is said that据说.3.It is reported that 据报道.4.It has been proved that.已证明 5.It must be pointed out that必须指出,定语从句,定语从句又称关系从句：在主句中相当于一个定语，只不过这个定语是一个句子定语从句可以修饰一个名词，代词，或一个句子，被修饰的词叫现行词，从句在其后，由关系代词关系副词引出关系代词有：that.Which,who,whom,whose等关系副词有：when,where,whyThe man who wrote this book in famous scientist 先行词 关系代词(定语)The village where I was born has grown into a town(先行词)关系代词(定语),that,关系代词与先行词的关系,限制性定语从句,先行词,关系代词主语,关系代词宾语,关系代词所有格代替人,who/that,which/that,whom/that,which/that,that,whose=of whom代替物,whose=of which 代替人 和物,代替人,代替物,代替人和物,非限制性定语从句,代替人和物,代替前一句话,which,which,whose,which,关系副词与先行词的关系先行词 关系副词 在从句中作用时间名词 when=at,on,in,时间状语 during/which地点名词 where=in,at/which地点状语只有reasonwhy=for which原因状语例句说明（在定语从句中，关系词在句中一 定要担任成分）,关系代词引导的定语从句,John is the girl who/that was injured in the accident,（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中作主语）,He found the watch which/that he had lost（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中作宾语）,The man whom/that you saw just now is our manager 先行词 关系代词（关系代词在从句中作宾语）The house which/that was damaged in the fire will be rebuilt 先行词 关系代词（关系代词在从句中作主语）,Is there anyone whose name is wangli?先行词 关系代词(关系代词在从句中作主语）The building whose roof we can see form here is（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中作宾语）She is no longer the girl that she was in her childhood 先行词 关系代词（关系代词在从句中作表语，只能用that连接）There is not an easy question that you think it to be（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中作表语，只能用that连接）,注意的问题One of+复数名词+关系从句的结构中，关系分词的谓语有两种形式先行词为复数，从句谓语用复数Tom is one of those women,who like to play bridge当one之前有the only/right/very等修饰词时，从句谓语根据one而定，用单复数形式He is the only one of the boys who likes to go to the theatre,当关系代词前有介词时，只能用关系代词whom,或which而不能用thatThe book from which(不能用that)I got a lot of useful information 先行词 介词 关系代词was written by a famous scientist（关系代词which在从句中作介词from的宾语）Tom is the boy with whom(不用that)you were talk a moment ago 先行词 介词 关系代词（关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语）注：当介词位于从句句末时，关系代词仍可用that也可省去,上两句可改为：The book that/which I got a lot of useful information from was written by a famous scientistTom is the boy that/whom you were talking with a moment ago,关系副词在定语从句中的应用1.I shall never forget the day when(on which)new china was founded 先行词 关系代词（关系代词在从句中作时间的状语）2.He came at a time when(at which)we were in need of help 先行词 关系代词 关系代词在从句中作时间的状语)3.The school where(in which)I work is not far from here 先行词 关系代词（关系代词在从句中担地点状语）4.Is this the place where(at which)that traffic accident happened?先行词 关系代词 关系代词在从句中担地点状语5.He didnt give the reason why(for which)he was absent yesterday.（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担原因状语）6.The reason why(for which)he missed the bus was that he got up late 先行词 关系代词 关系代词在从句中担原因状语,非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句由关系代词which,who,whose,where,when引出，而从句的两面都用逗号与主句隔开，关系代词that不能引起非限制性定语从句名词、代词+of+which+whom引起的定语从句表示部分与整体的关系There are many forms of energy,each of which is useful for us非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句总是位于句末，用逗号与主句隔开He missed the train,which annoyed him very much（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中作主语）The sun heats the earth,which makes it possible for plants to grow（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中作主语）注：关系代词which有时可以用来指代主句的一部分Tom can write a letter in Chinese,which Mary can not（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担方式状语）,试比较：July is the month when we have a lot of rain（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担状语）The meeting will be put off till next month,when we will have made all the preparations（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担状语）I want to buy the house which(=that)has a garden(先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担主语）I want to buy the house,which(不等于that)has a garden（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担主语）,注：在定语从句中，同样的先行词，由于在从句中 担任的作用不同，须选用不同的关系词1.This is the place where I spent my childhood（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担地点状语）2.This is the place,which I visited last summer（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担宾语）3.The reason which he gave was unacceptable（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担宾语）4.The reason why he did that was unacceptable（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担原因状语）,同位语从句1.同位语从句用于表示名词的内容,对其加以解释,能跟有同位语从句 的,通常是具有引导内容的名词,在从句中不担任成分，常见的有：fact,idea,news,hope,evidence,suggestion,order,problemThe doctors came to the conclusion that the patient was suffering from cancerThe discovery that every heavenly body has gravity was made by Newton同位语从句通常由that引出，但随着与其同位的名词不同也可由 whether,when,where,how,what,why引出They are faced with the problem whether they should continue the workI have no idea when he will return,有时同位语从句不是紧跟名词后，而是被其它词隔开An idea occurred him that he might borrow the money from his father 发生，出现They heard the news on the radio yesterday that a typhoon was coming,定语从句和同位语从句的区别从结构上看：同位语由连接词引导。在从句中不担任何成分，定语从句的关系词在从中担任某个成分。The idea that one can do the work without thinking is wrong(同位语从句that在从句中不担当任何成分)The idea that you put forward at the meeting is wrong(定语从句that在从句中担任宾语),表语从句表语从句的结构：主语+连系动词+表语从句常用的连系动词有:be,seen,remain,look等My idea is that this plan should be carried out immediately我的建议是这个计划应该立即执行The question remains whether we should accept their invitation问题仍然是我们是否应该接受他们的邀请It looks that(as if)it is going to rain看起来天要下雨,where why how引导的从句作this is或that is的表语时，它们通常不含有疑问意义,而是分别表示具体的地点，原因.方式.翻译That is why we called off the meeting这就是我们取消会议的原因This is how we did it我们就用这种方式做的注:主语是reason的表语从句用that引导,不要用becauseThe reason(why)he was late was that he missed the bus,宾语从句充当宾语的从句，叫宾语从句。宾语从句可作动词宾语，介词宾语，和某些形容词的宾语一.作动词宾语Everybody knows that goods takes up the room(由连词引导)He wondered how the building were built(由连接副词引导)常跟连接词that引导的宾语从句的动词有：Admit agree answer believe command complain confess Decide demand deny doubt dream expect explain feel hearHope imagine intend insist know mean notice prefer order Propose reply report request require say see suggest suppose think urge(激励)wish understand,常跟疑问代词who whom疑问副词when where why how whether if 引导宾语从句的动词有：Advise ask discover discuss doubt find out imagine inquire(询问)know question show tell understand wonderA.tell/inform/remind/show/teach+间接宾语+宾语从句”结构 He told me where he lived B.advise/ask/assure/promise/question/warn等+间接宾语+宾语从句+结构中，间接宾语可省略 I promised(him)that I would give him more help 我对他的保证将给他更多的帮助,作介词宾语:This depends on how hard you work这取决于你的工作的如何努力Is there anything wrong in what I said?A.that引导的宾语从句只限做介词in except but beside 的宾语从句Men different from brutes in that they can speak and think人和兽类的区别在于他们有语言和思想The meal was very good except that the fish was a bit too salty除了鱼有点咸，这顿是、很好的I would have helped you but that I was so busy then若不是工作忙，我本来时帮助你的,B“介词+it+that“结构You may depend on it that they will support you你放心,他们会支持你的Ill see to it that everything is ready in time我将负责按时做好一切准备C 动词+it+that 结构I take it that they will succeed我想他们会成功的The newspapers have it that firm is almost bankrupt据报道那家公司几乎破产,D be+形容词+that 结构类似形容词有:sure certain afraid confident等They are confident that they can do the job I am not certain whether(if)the train will arrive on time我没有把握火车是否转时达到,宾语从句否定意义的转移在think believe su