医学英语术语学及应用.ppt

医学英语术语学及应用,Chapter One,An Etymological(词源的)Study of English Language,Indo-European and Germanic Influences,English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages,a very broad language family including most of the European languages spoken today.The word for father vater(in German),pater(in Greek),pedar in(Persian),pater(in Latin),and pitr(in Sanskrit),Indo-European and Germanic Influences,In case of the word“brother”,it is of similar nature.In Greek it is phrater,in Latin frater,in Sanskrit bhratar,in French frere and in German bruderOf all the different branches in Indo-European family,two are of paramount importance,the Germanic and the Romance.English is in the Germanic group of languages.,Old English(450-1100),The Angles,Saxons,and Jutes from northern Germany,Denmark and northern Holland invaded British Isles and began to populate those areas.Anglo-Saxons,Old English(450-1100),the original,Celtic-speaking inhabitants out of what is know England Scotland,Wales,Cornwall and Ireland,leaving behind a few Celtic words.,Old English(450-1100),The invaders language,Anglo-Saxon,developed into what we know as Old Englishwater,stone,foot,fire,sheep,and strong derive from Old English roots,The Norman Conquest and Middle English(1100-1500),William the Conqueror,the Duke of Normandy,subsequently King William I,invaded and conquered England and the Anglo-Saxons in 1066.They spoke a dialect of Old French known as Anglo-Norman.The Normans were also of Germanic stock and Anglo-Norman was a French dialect that had considerable Germanic influences in addition to the basic Latin roots.,The Norman Conquest and Middle English(1100-1500),The influence of the Normans:beef and cowBeef Anglo-NormanCow GermanThe mixture of the two languages:Middle English,Early Modern English(1500-1800),The next wave of innovation in English came with the Renaissance.Many classical Latin and Greek words were brought into the Language:grammar,logic,arithmetic,geometry,astronomy,and musicWilliam Shakespeare,Late Modern English(1800-Present),The principal distinction between Early Modern English and Late modern English is vocabulary.Two historical factors:Industrial Revolution and the British EmpireNeologism:oxygen,protein,nuclear,vaccine(Latin/Greek roots),Late Modern English(1800-Present),Horsepower,airplane,typewriter(English roots)This burst of neologism continues today,visible in the field of electronics and computers:cyber-,bios,hard-drive,and microchip,Late Modern English(1800-Present),In addition,the rise of the British Empire and the growth of global trade served not only to introduce English to the world but to introduce words into English.Finally,the 20th century saw two world wars,and the military influence on the language,Chapter Two,An Etymological Study of Medical EnglishBased on their origin,medical terms can be divided into two large categories:native and borrowed.,Words Evolved from Old English,Old English is believed to have essentially developed from dialect spoken by the Anglo-Saxons.Most medical words from old English denote anatomic structures,organs,substances,and basic concepts of human activities.,Anatomic Words,Words Denoting Concepts,Words Originated from Greek,From Greek,Early Modern English received grammar,logic,arithmetic,geometry,astronomy,and music.And medical terminology is one of the areas that have been influenced by Greek.,Words Originated from Greek,Words Originated from Latin,The earliest influence of Latin language on English may date back to the Roman Empire.With the expansion,the Romans brought their language to other parts of the entire Empire.Greater influence was exerted after the Norman Conquest.,Words Originated from Latin,Words Borrowed from French,After the Norman Conquest,the conquerors ruled the country for a long period of time and left a deep influence on the English language.A great number of French words,including those used in medical works,took their roots in English.Borrowing from French has continued till present time.,Words Borrowed from French,Words Borrowed from German,Words Borrowed from Italian,Words Borrowed from Spanish,Words from Direct Coinage,