词类转译法1.ppt

WELCOME,翻译理论与实践,英译汉常用的方法和技巧:(2)词类转译法(Conversion),汉英词类句法功能对照表,例:1）这是一个很清楚的问题。2）这个问题一定要搞得清清楚楚 3）问题很清楚。4）他清楚地说明了这个问题。5）清楚是很重要的。6）我就喜欢清楚。1)This is a clear question.2)The problem is quite clear.3)The problem must be made clear.,例:我们讨论了这个问题。讨论开始了。首先确定讨论的问题。这是一次重要的讨论。She got a fright.The noise frightened me.It was a frightful storm.It was frightfully dangerous.,汉语一个词类能充当的句子成分较多,一般无须改变词类;英语一个词类能充当的句子成分较少,充当不同成分时常常要改变词类。因此，在翻译实践中，要做到既忠实于原文又符合译文的语言规范，就不能机械地按原文词类“对号入座”逐字硬译，而需要进行适当的词类转换。,词类转译法(Conversion of Parts of Speech):就是指在翻译过程中，根据译文语言的习惯进行词类转换，即把原文中属于某种词类的词在译文中转换另一种词类，从而使译文通顺自然。,We study English.我们学习英语。Many tourists come from Europe.许多旅游者来自欧洲。I am a teacher.我是（一名）教师。,Is your father a smoker?你父亲抽烟吗？She is a real beauty.她非常漂亮。We are enemies of all wars.我们反对一切战争。He is the murderer of his boss.他谋杀了他的老板。The earth is shaped like a big ball.地球的形状像个大球。,英译汉过程中词类转换,翻译中的词类如何转译，要根据原文词义、译入语的表达习惯等而定,通常有4 种情况：1)转译成动词2)转译成名词 3)转译成形容词4)其他词类转译,转译成动词,英语和汉语比较起来，汉语中动词用得多，而名词用得少，汉语可以几个动词或动词性结构连用，而英语句子中往往只有一个谓语动词。如:He admires the President stated decision to fight for the job.他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心 奋斗 表示钦佩。,英译汉过程中词类转换,1)转译成动词:a)名词转译成动词;b)介词转译成动词;c)形容词转译成动词;d)副词转译成动词.,a)名词 转译成动词,英语中大量由动词派生的名词和具有动作意义的名词常可转译成动词：1)动词派生的名词转译成动词。2)含有动作意思的名词转译成动词。3)英语中有些加后缀的名词，不是指 其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动 作意味,通常转译成动词。4)作为习语主体的名词常转译成动词。,名词 转译成动词,动词派生的名词转译成动词：如:The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort.原顺序：语言的精通不是很容易的，需要刻苦努力。改为：语言这东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不可。,名词 转译成动词,再如:Xu Beihongs paintings of horses are exceptionally good.原顺序:徐悲鸿的马的画像特别好。改为:徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。试译:Insulin is used in the treatment of diabetes.The government called for the establishment of more technical schools.,名词 转译成动词,再如:Xu Beihongs paintings of horses are exceptionally good.原顺序:徐悲鸿的马的画像特别好。改为:徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。试译:Insulin is used in the treatment of diabetes.胰岛素用于治疗糖尿病。The government called for the establishment of more technical schools.政府号召建立更多的技术学校。,名词 转译成动词,2)英含有动作意思的名词转译成动词。如:In building after building,talk of that murder is in the air.原顺序：对凶杀案的谈论是在流传之中。改为：人们到处谈论着 再如:The thought of fat meat makes me sick.一想到肥肉我就恶心。,再如:A view of the village can be obtained from the tower.从塔上可以看见这个村庄。The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labor productivity.使用电子计算机可以大大提高劳动生产率。Tom looked his good-bye at the garden.汤姆看了看园子，跟它告别。,3)英语中有些加后缀的名词，不是指其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意味,通常转译成动词。例:Some of my classmates are good singers.我同学中一些人唱歌唱得好。Cf.She is a well-known singer.她是一位著名的歌唱家。I am afraid I cant teach you swimming.I suppose my younger brother is a better teacher than I am.恐怕我不能教你游 泳，我想我弟弟会比我教得好。,试译:1)Im not a mind reader.2)Parents are always our perfect and minute lovers.3)Lin Zexu was the most successful opium banner.4)Being a successful organizer of this football match,he still appears modest.,试译:1)Im not a mind reader.我不能读懂别人的心思。2)Parents are always our perfect and minute lovers.父母永远会无微不至地爱着我们。3)Lin Zexu was the most successful opium banner.林则徐禁烟最为成功。4)Being a successful organizer of this football match,he still appears modest.虽然成功举办了,4)作为习语主体的名词常转译成动词：例：Shall we have a rest?我们休息一下，好吗？Let me have a try.我来试一下。He made no mention of his resignation.他没有提到辞职的事。,b)介词转译成动词,英语中含有动作意味的介词汉译时可以译成动词。例:The Red Army men struggled ahead,across the snow mountains and through the marshes.红军战士爬雪山，过草地，艰难地前进着。The people are with him.人民拥护他。He came to my home for help.他来到我家，请求帮助。What are you after?你追求什么？,c)形容词转译成动词,英语中表示知觉、情感、欲望等心理状态的形容词(如:afraid,thankful,certain,able,concerned,doubtful,grateful等)，在系动词后做表语时，常转译成动词。例:They are not sure they can save his life.他们不敢肯定能否挽救他的生命。Is he able to do it?他能够做那件事吗？I have to be cautious.我必须小心谨慎才是。She was always confident.她总是信心十足。,d)副词转译成动词,例:Is he up yet?他起床了没有？As he ran out,he forgot to have his shoes on.他跑出去时，忘了穿鞋子。Please open the window to let fresh air in.请打开窗子，让新鲜空气进来。When he went back,the radio was still on,for he had forgotten to turn it off when he left.他回来时，收音机仍然开着，因为他离开 时忘记关了。,转译成名词,1)名词派生的动词或由名词转用的动词转译成名词;2)英语被动句式，可译成“受到/遭到-+名词”或“予以/加以-+名词”结构;3)形容词转译成名词。,转译成名词,1)英语中很多名词派生的动词或由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到合适的动词，这时可以转译成名词。例：Formality has always characterized their relationship.他们之间的关系，有一个特点，那就是 以礼相待。To them,he personified the absolute power.在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。,转译成名词,1)英语中很多名词派生的动词或由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到合适的动词，这时可以转译成名词。例：The earth is shaped like a big ball.地球的形状像个大球。His speech impressed the audience deeply.他的演讲给听众的印象很深刻。Socialist revolution aims at liberating the productive forces.社会主义革命的目的是为了解放生产力。,转译成名词,2)英语被动句式，可译成“受到/遭到-+名词”或“予以/加以-+名词”结构;例：The invasion of another independent country must be stopped.侵犯另一个独立国家的行为必须予以制止。He was criticized by his leader for failing to report the accident.他由于未对事故进行汇报而受到领导的批评。He was punished by the school for cheating in the exam.他因考试作弊而受到学校的处分。,转译成名词,3)形容词转译成名词:英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示一类人，汉译为名词。例：Do not look down upon the poor.不要看不起穷人。The weak should be protected.弱者应受到保护。,转译成形容词,1）形容词派生的名词常转译成形容词：I have difficulty in speaking Putonghua.讲普通话我很困难。Her questions suggested her innocence.她提出的问题表明她是无知的。2）有些名词加不定冠词作表语时，往往转译成形容词：The concert is a great success.音乐会是很成功的。Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。,1）形容词与副词的互转：a）英语名词译成汉语动词时，修饰该名词的形容词要转译成汉语副词。例：They gave the enemy a heavy blow.他们狠狠地打击了敌人。Her hard work led to her successful promotion.她工作努力，因而成功地获得了提升。He was a regular visitor.他经常来。She is an ardent lover of classical music.她酷爱古典音乐。,b)英语动词译成汉语名词时，修饰该动词的副词要转译成汉语的形容词。例：The film impressed him deeply.这部电影给他留下了深刻的印象。Boys think differently from girls.男孩子有着与女孩子不同的想法。This communication system is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of operation and the ease with which it can be maintained.这种通讯设备的主要特点是操作简单，维修容易。,c)由于英、汉两种语言表达方式各异，还有一些英语形容词要译成汉语副词。例：Have you dialed the right number?你拨对了号码了吗？Supporters were in a clear minority.支持者显然属于少数。This is sheer nonsense.这完全是胡说.,2）名词与副词的互转：a)名词转译成副词：例：The instinct of a successful actor is to play any character lifelike.一个成功的演员应该本能地把每一个角色演活。The substance of his speech was to make us obedient.他的讲话的实质上是要求我们服从他。I have the great honor to introduce to you Mr.Black.我很荣幸地给大家介绍布莱克先生。,2）名词与副词的互转：a)副词转译成名词：例：One should be psychologically as well as physically sound.一个人必须有健康的体魄和健康的心理。Nowadays many people in the society are materially rich but spiritually poor.当今社会中，有许多人物质富有却精神空虚。,1.I have the great honor to inform you of your being enrolled by Jiaying University.2.My suggestion is that he should quit smoking at once.3.Chinas successful explosion of its first atom bomb caused tremendous repercussion throughout the world.4.I am an amateur actor.He is a better player than I.,练练吧！,5.He had been the ruler of that region for as long as twenty years.6.I am no drinker,nor smoker.7.He is a good listener and everybody likes to talk with him.8.A well-dressed teacher,who looked and talked like a southerner,came into the classroom.,9.In his speech he laid special stress on improving the quality of the products.10.Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.11.We are convinced that with the joint efforts of our two countries,the friendly relations and cooperation between us will develop further.12.I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood.,1.I have the great honor to inform you of your being enrolled by Jiaying University.我十分荣幸地通知你，你被嘉大录取了。2.My suggestion is that he should quit smoking at once.我建议他立刻戒烟。3.Chinas successful explosion of its first atom bomb caused tremendous repercussion throughout the world.中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹，在全世界引起了巨大的反响。4I am an amateur actor.He is a better player than I.我是一个业余演员，他演得比我好。,练练吧！,5.He had been the ruler of that region for as long as twenty years.他统治那个地区长达二十年之久。6.I am no drinker,nor smoker.我不会喝酒，也不抽烟。7.He is a good listener and everybody likes to talk with him.他善于聆听，人人都愿意和他交谈。8.A well-dressed teacher,who looked and talked like a southerner,came into the classroom.一名衣冠楚楚的教师走进了教室，他的外表和谈吐都像个南方人。,9.In his speech he laid special stress on improving the quality of the products.他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。10.Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.千百万山区人终于摆脱了贫穷。11.We are convinced that with the joint efforts of our two countries,the friendly relations and cooperation between us will develop further.我们相信，在两国的共同努力下，我们两国的友好合作关系必将进一步发展。12.I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood.我非常感激父亲，因为在我小时候他总是不断地鼓励我。,Thank you,