英汉语言对比研究.ppt

英汉语言对比研究与翻译技巧,一、形态变化,1.It has often been noted that those who live,or have lived,in the shadow of death bring a mellow sweetness to everything they do.人们已注意到大凡受到死亡威胁的人或是死里逃生的人对于他们所干的任何事总是兴趣盎然。2.I could have laughed to hear him like this.听到他这样讲话，我差点笑出来了。3.He is constantly leaving his things about.他老是乱放东西。4.His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.主人对他的冷淡使他更加不舒服。英语的词汇有形态变化，注重时体（16个时态），汉语基本上没有形态变化。（主要靠虚词，词语，词序及暗含逻辑关系 例如：湖南人不怕辣,贵州人辣不怕,四川人怕不辣,湖北人不辣怕。）在翻译时汉语一般要加词或变换说法的办法来表示。,二、动态与静态,1.Water works for weight loss.经常饮水有利于减肥。2.A study of that letter leaves us in no doubts as to the motives behind it.研究一下那封信，就使我们毫不怀疑该信是别有用心的。3.A woman with fair opportunities,and without an absolute hump may marry whom she likes.一个女人只要不是明显的驼背，机会一到，想嫁给谁就嫁给谁。4.You can rectify the fault if you insert a wedge.Rectification of this fault is achieved by insertion of a wedge.英语名词，介词，形容词，副词表达力强，是英语骨干词汇由谓语动词统领造成英语的静态语势，汉语主要靠动词或动词词组造成汉语的动态语势。,三、英语重物称，汉语重人称,1.A wave of cigar smoke accompanied Olive in.Olive 进门时带进来一缕雪茄烟雾。2.“Hi!Hi!”said the cab driver,whose door popped open at the very sight of a traveler.“嗨！嗨！”出租车司机嚷道，他一瞅见乘客就“砰”地打开车门。3.A sizable grant took him abroad to Yale University.他得到一笔优厚的奖学金，便出国到耶鲁大学进修去了。4.The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点声音也没有。英语的物称倾向在其造句中十分明显常常出人意料地选择不能施行动作或无生命事物的词（impersonal,inanimate）。相对而言，汉语在表达上注意主体意识，一般更习惯人称化的表达，尤其是主语，能施行或有生命的物体为主语的首选(personal,animate),第四、英语多被动；,1：Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me?2.An illustration is furnished by an editorial in the Washington Post.(January 17,2001)华盛顿邮报的一篇社论提供了一个例证。3.IN the development of social economy,the culture tradition must be kept.在社会发展的过程中，文化传统必须保持。汉语多主动英语也不会无缘无故地滥用被动句式。其内在的修辞功能在于：不必强调动作的施行者；抑或不必、不愿或不便言明动作的施行者，则干脆将其省略。,第五、形合(hypotaxis)与意合parataxis,1.We will not attack unless we are attacked.人不犯我，我不犯人。2.Promote physical culture and build up the peoples health.发展体育运动，增强人们体质。3.The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。4.See yonder thin column of smoke curling up through the woods from some invisible farmhouse.那边有炊烟一缕，冉冉从林中升起，林中的农舍我们是看不见的。,5.Put into an old Chinese proverb;it means that one will never find it difficult to do anything until one has experienced it.用一句古老的中国谚语来说：事非经过不知难。6.物价稳定、市场繁荣。Prices are stable and the market is flourishing.7.北方的果树，到秋天也是一种奇景。Another phenomenon in the North when autumn arrives is the fruit tree.8.老鼠过街人人喊打。When a rat is seen to run across the street,everyone calls to“kill it”.在不同的语言中，句子内部连接或外部连接几乎都使用三种手段：句法手段syntactic devices，词汇手段lexical equivalence和语义手段semantic connection。用前两种手段连接称为形合，用后一种连接成为意合。英语句法结构重视形合，句中各成分的相互结合常用适当的连接词语，表示其结构关系。汉语句法结构重视意合，句中各部分多靠语义的贯通，语境的映衬，少用连接词语。,第六、英语重主次，汉语重时间,1.I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in January.我原来打算今年一月访问中国，后来不得不推迟了。2.He became deaf after an attack of illness at five.他五岁生了一场病，变成了聋子。3.It is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different bias.借助于想象与持不同偏见的人进行辩论，是一个很好的办法。4.I couldnt beat a boy who hadnt got a relation in the world and whose father had left him to me because he thought Id be kind to him.一个举目无亲的孩子，而且他父亲当初认为我会待他好，才把他托给我的，我总不能打他吧。英语和汉语在叙事，推理的顺序大致相反，时间上英语往往先说最近发生的事情，而汉语相反，另外英语通常是把逻辑重心前置“先声夺人”先总提，评论后叙述。形成句首封闭。，汉语善于后移“后发制人”。句尾封闭。,第七、主语与主题,1.A dialect is known by every linguist in this room.有一种方言这间屋子里的每一个语言学家都懂得。2.You dont grow the grain you eat and you dont make the clothes you wear.你吃的粮食不是你自己种的，你穿的衣服也不是你自己做的。3.语言这东西，不是随便可以学好的。非下苦功不可。The mastery of a language is not easy and it requires painstaking efforts.4.由于工作忙，未能及时回信。Pressure of work has delayed my answer.,5.今年比去年生产更多的粮食。This year we will produce more grain than(we did)last year.英语注重主语，句子都要有主语而且以动词为核心，形成主语+谓语的句法结构，汉语则不这样，在汉语里，把主语谓语当作话题和说明来看，比较合适。汉语的结构为话题评论。例如：走行，不走也行。这袋米三个人吃。由主席召集会议。,第八、结构排列,英语词汇的音节参差不齐，结构长短不一，不讲究用词的均衡和对偶，汉语则重视词语的偶式对应，使用四字词语和排比词汇。1.The hurricane flattened crops,uprooted trees,washed away roads and ripped off roofs.飓风所到之处，庄稼倒伏，树根拔起，房顶掀飞。2.She is lovely enough to outside the moon and put the flowers to shame.她有沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。,第九、重复与替代,英语力戒重复，常用替代，省略和变换表达方法避免，汉语不怕重复，运用实称，还原和复说。1.Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness,affection weakness,thrift avarice.过度的勇气变为蛮勇，过度的爱变为溺爱，过度的节俭变为贪婪。2.Better be wise by the misfortunes of others than by your own._Aesops Fables从别人的不幸中吸取教训，比从自己的不幸中吸取教训更好。3.He hated failure;he had conquered it all his life,risen above it,despised it in others.他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。,十、笼统与确切,1做生意就得动真格的，决不能当儿戏。In doing business we must play for keeps.Its no joking matter.2我校目前尚未设博士点。Our university hasnt yet had any doctoral programs.3烟筒通风不好，所以火不旺。There is not much draught up the chimney;thats why the fire doesnt burn well.4“别跟我哭穷了，我还不知道你的底细？”“Stop poor-mouthing to me.I have your number.”中国传统文化具有模糊特征，而西方文化具有精确性。有些汉语词语比较笼统，表意模糊，英语翻译时应突破汉语重直觉、重表象的思维模式，寻求词语的确切含义。,The proof of the pudding is in the eating.一般译为：“要想知道布丁的滋味，就要亲自尝尝。我看不起他，他酗酒，好赌，言语粗俗。What I despise about him was his drinking,gambling,and cursing.They were all eyes as the presents were opened.礼品打开时，他们全神贯注地看着。An acquaintance with the modern Chinese history is helpful to the study of Chinese revolution.了解一下中国近代史，对研究中国革命是有帮助的。他们未能达成协议，我们都很遗憾。We all regretted over their failure to reach an agreement.小王笨手笨脚，老李越看越窝火。Li watched Wangs clumsiness with growing indignation.She considered housework demeaning and the care of children an added insult.她觉得干家务活低人一等，带孩子更丢人。,.A new dignity crept into his walk.他走起路来，不知不觉地添了几分尊严。.Business took him to town.他因事进城了。.His words sent a quiver through my body.我听到他的话不禁打了寒战。Astonishment deprived me of my power of speech.我惊讶得说不出话来。Scandal ever improves by opposition 流言蜚语总是愈抵制流传愈广。,.He declined to amplify on the Presidents statement,since he had not read the text.他没有看到总统讲话的文本，不愿加以发挥。.Change of information,if any,concerning the contents of this section,will be found in the appendix at the end of the book.本节内容如有更改，均见书末附录。.,.老鼠过街人人喊打。When a rat is seen to run across the street,everyone calls to“kill it”.冬天来了，春天还会远吗？If winter comes,can spring be far behind?.去了也是白去。Even if you go there,things wont be any better.,译技操练,1.Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.这个人饱尝辛酸，却让全世界的人发出笑声。2.我们相信用不了多久我们的产品就会走向世界。We believe that it will not be long before our products go global(are internationally recognized).3.Finally they found a man equal to the occasion.他们终于找到了一个能应付这种局面的人。4.We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural calamities that followed one after another for three years after we left China in 1959.我们于年离开中国，此后，中国三年连续遭到自然灾害，当我们在国内读到这方面的消息时，心情颇为低沉。,练习：,，The radio squeaks midnight.The cafs must be closing,the last guests going home.Lovers stand before house doors unable to take leave of each other.此时的咖啡馆也许正在打烊，最后一批顾客也许正在离店回家，出了店门的情侣们正难分难舍。2,The economic policy provides incentives for agricultural and industrial productivity.这种经济政策刺激了农业的发展，也刺激了工业的发展。3,The importance of oceanography as a key to the understanding of our planet is seldom as well appreciated.海洋学是认识我们星球的关键，其重要性人们却很少理解。4,The man who is above his business may one day find his business above him.不屑于干自己工作的人，总会有一天发现自己不配干那份工作。,5,He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.他有一种令人难堪的习惯，一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。6,Of Studies Francis BaconStudies serve for delight,for ornament,and for ability.Their chief use for delight,is in privateness and retiring;for ornament,is in discourse;and for ability,is in the judgment and disposition of business.论读书弗兰西斯培根读书足以冶情，足以博彩，足以长才。其冶情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。,Warming-up,1.我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人。要谈起来，奇妙的事可多着呢。There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.2.因为他没有遵守安全规则，机器出了故障。His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.3.整个城市披上了节日盛装 The whole city is in holiday array.4.我们的衷心愿望是世界持久和平。Our hearty desire is the establishment of a lasting peace.5.他决不可能成功。His success is out of the question.,6.The language of the poem is colloquial,yet it is deep in its understanding of human emotions.诗的语言虽然很通俗，但对人的感情的揭示却有深度。7.The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先实施的。8.Our train is moving soon.我们的火车马上要开了。,9.For a good ten minutes,he cursed me and my brother.足足有十分钟之久，他既骂我，又骂我的兄弟。10.He hated failure;he had conquered it all his life,risen above it,despised it in others.他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。.11.Poverty in the developing countries has been ascribed by the North to low productivity,inappropriate domestic policies and inadequate national effort.发展中国家的贫困，在北方看来是因为生产率低、国内政策不当，自身努力不够,12.Improvements here and there may in fact do more harm than good.东修西补的办法事实上可能使事情有害无益。13.Prosperity makes friends and adversity tries them.富贵招来朋友，苦难考验朋友。14.学英语应当循序渐进。To learn English one(you.we)must go step by step.15.我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。We have won one victory after another for our task.16.这几年西欧的经济和工业不景气。The last few years have witnessed an economic and industrial depression in western Europe,17.The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher,Anne Mansfield Sullivan,came to me.I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrasts between the two lives which it connects.It was the third of March,1887,three months before I was seven years old.在我的记忆里，安妮曼斯菲尔德.沙利文老师来的那一天，是我一生中最重要的日子。从这一天开始，我的生活和以前迥然不同，一想到这一点，我就感到非常兴奋.,1.我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人。要谈起来，奇妙的事可多着呢。2.因为他没有遵守安全规则，机器出了故障。3.整个城市披上了节日盛装 4.我们的衷心愿望是世界持久和平。5.他决不可能成功。6.The language of the poem is colloquial,yet it is deep in its understanding of human emotions.7.The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.8.Our train is moving soon.9.For a good ten minutes,he cursed me and my brother.10.He hated failure;he had conquered it all his life,risen above it,despised it in others.,11.Poverty in the developing countries has been ascribed by the North to low productivity,inappropriate domestic policies and inadequate national effort.12.Improvements here and there may in fact do more harm than good.13.Prosperity makes friends and adversity tries them.14.学英语应当循序渐进。15.我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。16.这几年西欧的经济和工业不景气。,17.The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher,Anne Mansfield Sullivan,came to me.I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrasts between the two lives which it connects.It was the third of March,1887,three months before I was seven years old.,18.Anger and bitterness had preyed upon me continually for weeks and a deep languor had succeeded this passionate struggle.A 几个星期来，气恼和痛苦不断地袭击着我；这种感情上的折磨后，我感到浑身无力。B几个星期来，我处在气恼和痛苦之中；遭受这种感情的折磨后，我感到浑身无力。C 几个星期来，我又气又恨，感到非常苦恼；经历了这种感情的折磨后，我感到浑身无力。D 几个星期来，我经受着气恼和怨恨的吞噬；这种感情过后，我感到浑身无力。,关于动静 物人称,1.他们未能达成协议，我们都很遗憾。We all regretted over their failure to reach an agreement.2.小王笨手笨脚，老李越看越窝火。Li watched Wangs clumsiness with growing indignation.3.They were all eyes as the presents were opened.礼品打开时，他们全神贯注地看着。4.A new dignity crept into his walk.他走起路来，不知不觉地添了几分尊严。5.Business took him to town.他因事进城了。6.His words sent a quiver through my body.我听到他的话不禁打了寒战。7.Astonishment deprived me of my power of speech.我惊讶得说不出话来。8.Scandal ever improves by opposition 流言蜚语总是愈抵制流传愈广。,