英汉翻译技巧课件.ppt

英汉翻译技巧,袁 媛,Brife Introduction,What is translation?a reproduction or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.Source language&Target language,What is translation?,Linguistic Views on Translation Translation may be defined as the replacement of textual material in one language(the source language)by equivalent textual material in another language(the target language).(Catford 1965:20),What is translation?,2.Cultural Views on Translation In the cultural approach,translation is regarded not only as a transfer of linguistic signs,but also as a communication of cultures.,What is translation?,3.Literary Views on Translation Translators who hold this vies believe that translation is an artistic recreation or a recreated art.,What is translation?,4.Semantic Views on Translation“Translating means translating meaning.”-Nida,What is translation?,5.Functional Views on TranslationFunctionalists believe that translation is a specific form of human action with a certain purpose,a kind of linguistic service provided to the society.Translators should take into account the needs of client,the reader as well as the purpose or the use of the translation.,What is translation?,6.Communicative Views on Translation Its takes place within a social context.,Translation Criteria,严复(1853-1921):Triple Principle of Translation 信(faithfulness):忠实准确 达(expressiveness):通顺流畅 雅(elegance):文字古雅鲁迅:信(faithfulness),顺(smoothness),Translation Criteria,林语堂:忠实(faithfulness),通顺(smoothness),美(beautifulness)傅雷:神似(resemblance in spirit)钱钟书:化境(reaching the acme of perfection)刘重德:信，达，切(faithfulness,expressiveness,closeness)许渊冲:三重标准(three levels of criteria),Translation Strategies,Literal Translation&Free Translation（直译&意译）=word-for-word translation&sense-for-sense translation,Translation Strategies,Foreignization&Domestication(异化&归化)Foreignization:要求译者向原文作者靠拢，采取原文作者使用的表达方式传达原文的内容。eg:to kill two birds with one stone 一石二鸟 all roads lead to Rome 条条大路通罗马Domestication:归化译法要求译者向译者向译文读者靠拢，采取译文读者习惯的译语表达方式传达原文的内容。eg:to kill two birds with one stone 一箭双雕 all roads lead to Rome 殊途同归,Chapter 1 Diction 选词法Chapter 2 Conversion 转换法Chapter 3 Addition 增补法Chapter 4 Omission 省略法Chapter 5 Repetition 重复法Chapter 6 Inversion 倒置法Chapter 7 Negation 反译法Chapter 8 Division 拆译法Chapter 9 Condensation 缩译法Chapter 10 Translation of the Passive 被动式译法Chapter 11 Translation of Long Sentence 长句译法,Chapter 1 Diction 选词法,1.1 Choice of Affective Meanings 选择情感意义1.2 Choice of Grammatical Meanings 选择语法意义1.3 Choice of Contexual Meanings 选择语境意义1.4 Choice of Collocative Meanings 选择搭配意义1.5 Choice of Extended Meanings 选择引申意义1.6 Choice of Equicalent Meanings 选择对应意义1.7 Choice of Different Chinese Words to Translate the Same English Word or Use of the Same Chinese Word to Translate Different English Words 同词异译，异词同译,Choice of Affective Meanings 选择情感意义,Affective meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the writer towards the reader.You may address somebody as an“idiot”to convey your despise,or describe something as“marvelous”to express your positive evaluation.There are basically three types of affective meanings:positive(褒义)、netural(中性)、derogatory(贬义)。,Choice of Affective Meanings 选择情感意义,Choice of Affective Meanings 选择情感意义,Choice of Affective Meanings 选择情感意义,Examples:1.Aggressive nations threaten world peace.A salesman must be aggressive if he wants to succeed.侵略成性的国家威胁世界和平 推销员如要成功，必须有闯劲。2.Every dog has his day.人人皆有得意时。3.“You chicken!”he cried,looked at Tom with contempt.“你这胆小鬼！”他轻蔑的看着汤姆嚷道。,Choice of Grammatical Meanings 选择语法意义,The same word,when used as different parts of speech and playing different roles in a sentence,has different meanings.,Choice of Grammatical Meanings 选择语法意义,1.Take the cart back to the back yard and back it into the shed at the back of the stable.把牛车拉回到后院，再把它倒到牛棚后面的小屋去。2.I iron my clothes with an iron.我用熨斗熨我的衣服。3.In a second I saw a second picture.一秒钟内，我看到了两张图画。,Choice of Grammatical Meanings 选择语法意义,4.It is neither round and square.The wheels go round rapidly.The night watchman makes his rounds every hour.The earth moves round the sun.The ship rounded the Cape of Good.The talk rounded into a plan.,Choice of Contexual Meanings 选择语境意义,The same word,when used in different contexts or fields of discourse(business,law,medicine,education,politics,etc),has different meanings.,Choice of Contexual Meanings 选择语境意义,BookShow me the complaint book,please.请把意见簿给我看看。Miltons Paradise Lost consists of twelve books.弥尔顿的长诗失乐园共有12卷。Thats all I remember,sir,on the Book.凭圣经起誓，长官，我记得的就是这些。The music was fine,but the book was very poor.音乐是出色的，但是歌词很糟。How many names are there on your books?你们的登记名册上有多少人？He went out to the village to pay trademans books.他到村里的买卖人那儿付账去了。Are you in the book?电话簿里有你的电话号码吗？,Choice of Collocative Meanings 选择搭配意义,Build(v.)build a house 盖房子 build a bridge 架桥build a ship 造船 build a dam 筑坝build a fire 生火 build a car 制造汽车,build a stamp collection 集邮build an answer 思索作答build ones confidence 树立信心build a story 构思故事build scholars of tomorrow 培养未来的学者Reading builds the mind.阅读能发展智能。,Choice of Collocative Meanings 选择搭配意义,Heavy(adj.)a heavy rain 大雨 a heavy sea波涛汹涌的海面a heavy load重负a heavy thinker思想深沉的人,a heavy buyer大主顾a heavy demand 苛求 heavy news令人忧愁的消息heavy sorrow折磨人的悲伤,Choice of Extended meanings 选择引申意义,It is difficult to find a suitable chinese translation for an English word or expression in English-Chinese dictionaries,and a mechanical translation may be unintelligible to our readers.One way out is to extend the meaning from the concrete or specific to the abstract or general,or vice versa.,Choice of Extended meanings 选择引申意义,Extend the meaning from the concrete or specific to the abstract or general(词义从具体引向抽象，从特殊引向一般，从局部引向概括，从“实”引向“虚”)Eg:Nowadays a student heading for college may pack a frying pan along with his book.实译：如今上大学的学生除了带他的书上学校以 外，还可以带上一个煎烙饼的平底锅了。虚译：如今大学生在学校里也可以自己做点吃的了。,Choice of Extended meanings 选择引申意义,Extend the meaning from the abstract or general to the concrete or specific(词义从抽象引向具体，从一般引向特殊，从概括引向局部，从“虚”引向“实”)Eg:There is more to their life than political and social and economic problems;more than transient everydayness.虚译：他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题，远不止一时的日常性。实译：他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题，远不止一时的柴米油盐问题。,Choice of Equivalent Meanings 选择对应意义,Some English words or expressions look equivalent to their Chinese counterparts,but actually they are different.These are called“false friends”.Careless beginners are liable to take too literally(望文生义)or mix up those words or expressions which look alike in the two languages but in fact are different in meaning.Care should be taken not to be confined or taken away by what we see in original text.,Choice of Equivalent Meanings 选择对应意义,busybody好管闲事的人（贬义）=a person who takes too much interest in other peoples affairs(LDCE1998:186)2.the long and(the)short of it总的结果/情况，要点，总而言之=the general result,expressed in a few words(LDCE1998:896)She has a weakness for pork.她有爱吃猪肉的嗜好。weakness for=a strong liking,esp.for something that is bad or slightly disapproved of,(LDCE1998:1742),Choice of Equivalent Meanings 选择对应意义,1.sweet milk新鲜牛奶（OALD2002:1545）good sailor不晕船的人（LDCE1998:1335）glasses眼镜（LDCE1998：644）horseplay喧闹（的行为），喧哗（LDCE1998：738）,Choice of Equivalent Meanings 选择对应意义,Choice of Equivalent Meanings 选择对应意义,同词异译、异词同译,A skillful translator may translate an English word or expression in many ways without changing its meaning to his version adequate and expressive.This involves choice of words,extension of meanings and whats more,a large Chinese vocabulary(esp.synonyms or synonymous expressions)on the part of the translator.,同词异译、异词同译,Choice of different Chinese words to translate the same English word 同词异译Industry:the production of goods for sale,esp.in factories 工业tourist industry旅游业hotel industry旅馆业Insurance industry保险业entertainment industry娱乐业book industry书籍印刷发行业the Shakespeare industry莎士比亚研究,同词异译、异词同译,Community:a social group or class having common interests 社区，社会，社团，公众business community 商界rural community村落International community国际社会European Economic Community欧洲经济共同体,同词异译、异词同译,System:a group of related parts which work together forming a whole;an ordered set of ideas,methods or ways of working,etc 系统management system管理体制financial system财政制度dual-price system双重价格体系data-processing system数据处理系统system of government政体system of classification分类法,同词异译、异词同译,Survive:continue to live or exist;live or exist longer than 生存1.He was dead and survived by his wife and two children.他死了，撇下了妻子和两个孩子。2.He survived the trouble.他闯过了难关。3.Very few of these old coins survived.这些古钱现在已经十分罕见。4.The country survived the external pressures.这个国家经受了外部压力，没有被压垮。,同词异译、异词同译,Use of the same Chinese words to translate different English words 异词同译1.the configuration of world power 全球力量的格局 the structure of the existing bureaucracy 现有行政机构的格局2.The trees can withstand winds and survived under the scorching rays of the sun.这些小树能经得住风的吹打，经得住火热阳光的曝晒。,英语词义：较概括，较灵活，范围很宽汉语词义：较具体，较凝滞，范围较窄选词：理解中的选义和表达中的选词,Chapter 2 Conversion 转换法,2.1 Conversion of Word Class 词类转换2.2 Conversion of Sentence Members 转换句子成分2.3 Conversion of Impersonal Subjects 转换非人称主语2.4 Conversion of Perspectives 转换视角,Conversion of Word Class 转换词类,In translation,a word in one language belonging to a certain word class is not necessarily translated into one of the same class in another language,ie.,no correspondence of the same word class between two language is necessary in translation.The frequent use of the nominal style(名词化表达法)is one of the features of EnglishIn Chinese,two or more verbs instead of abstract nouns are usually used together or separately in one sentence.Indeed,what is expressed in the verbal style(动词化表达法).Eg:London is growing rapidly.&Londons growth is rapid.,Conversion of Word Class 转换词类,2.1.1 Conversion from English Nouns and Adjectives into Chinese Verbs and Adverbs(英语名词,形容词转换为汉语的动词，副词)Nouns or nominal forms,especially action nouns and other abstract nouns,find their wider use in English while verbs or multi-verbal forms are much preferred in Chinese.This is one of the important differences between the two languages.,Conversion from English Nouns and Adjectives into Chinese Verbs and Adverbs(英语名词,形容词转换为汉语的动词，副词),eg:1.All peace-loving people demand the complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weapons.一切爱好和平的人民都要求全面禁止核武器，彻底销毁核武器。(cf.核武器的全面的禁止和彻底的销毁)2.Fords first pledge was,“Mr.President,you have my support and my loyalty.”福特一开始就保证说，“总统先生，我支持你，并效忠你。”(cf.你有我的支持和我的效忠),Conversion from English Nouns and Adjectives into Chinese Verbs and Adverbs(英语名词,形容词转换为汉语的动词，副词),3.We are enemies of all aggressive wars.我们反对所有侵略战争。4.This shop offers a large choice of hats and shoes.这家商店有多种鞋帽可供选购。5.Transistors are fairly recent development.晶体管是最近才发展起来的。6.Every state is the best judge of what is required to safeguard its national security.每个国家需要什么来保卫自己的安全，只有它自己才能做出最好的决定。,Conversion from English Nouns and Adjectives into Chinese Verbs and Adverbs(英语名词,形容词转换为汉语的动词，副词),Notes:English abstract nouns denoting actions or nouns derived from verbs are often converted into Chinese verbs or verbal phrases.English common nouns denoting persons and derived from verbs are often converted into Chinese verbs or verbal phrases.In given contexts,the English genitive(including of-genitive)or possessive+noun may be converted into:*verb+object(动宾结构)*subject+verb(主谓结构)*structure denoting active sense(主动结构)*structure denoting passtive sense(被动结构),Conversion from English Nouns and Adjectives into Chinese Verbs and Adverbs(英语名词,形容词转换为汉语的动词，副词),Eg:Thanks to her boy friends rescue,she could return home safely.She hurried to her boy frienlds rescue.幸亏男朋友的救援，她才能安然回家。她赶快去救男朋友。The American people demanded his release.He won praise for his release of the prisoners of war.美国人民要求释放他。他因释放了战俘二获得称赞。Lincolns Assassination 林肯遇刺,Conversion from English Nouns and Adjectives into Chinese Verbs and Adverbs(英语名词,形容词转换为汉语的动词，副词),How do you introduce in Chinese a person who is-a slow walker a heavy smoker他走得慢 他烟抽得很多烟鬼 a big eater a good looser他很能吃 他输得起 the worst dancer a fast runner 他最不会跳舞 他跑的很快 a good observer a great joker 他善于观察 他很会开玩笑 a bad liar a rapid writer 他不善于撒谎 他下笔快 a good looker the best hater 他很漂亮 他最记仇,Conversion of Word Class 转换词类,2.1.2 Conversion from English Adjectives into Chinese Verbs(英语形容词转换为汉语动词)English adjectives derived from verbs,present or past participles,or other adjectives,may be converted into Chinese verbs.Adjectives denoting feelings,wishes,physical or mental perceptions,etc,when used with linking verbs,are often converted into Chinses verbs.,Conversion from English Adjectives into Chinese Verbs(英语形容词转换为汉语动词),Eg:Suger and salt are both soluble in water.糖和盐二者都溶于水。In order to carry through its policies of economic development,peace is necessary for China.为了执行发展经济的政策，中国需要和平。The Republicans are out,the Democrats in.共和党下台，民主党上台。,Conversion from English Adjectives into Chinese Verbs(英语形容词转换为汉语动词),Ex:She is familiar with English.她精通英语。I am out fifty dollars.我损失了50美元。These are the correct ideas characteristic of the advanced class.这些是代表先进阶级的正确思想。We seek a better understanding through multiplication of our economic,cultural,scientific,technical,and human ties.我们通过增加我们的经济、文化、科技、技术及人员往来加深了解。,Conversion of Word Class 转换词类,2.1.3 Conversion from English Prepositions into Chinese Verbs(英语介词转换为汉语动词)There are about 286 prepositions and prepositional phrases in English while only about 30 prepositions in Chinese,which are mostly borrowed from their corresponding verbs.,Conversion from English Prepositions into Chinese Verbs(英语介词转换为汉语动词),Eg:The letter I is commonly used for current,E for electromotive force,R for resistance.通常用字母I表示电流，E表示电动势，R表示电阻。Capitalist countries as a rule built up their heavy industry with funds obtained from abroad,whether by colonial plunder,or by exacting indemnities from vanquished nations,or else by foreign loans.资本主义国家建立自己的重工业，通常是利用从外国获得的资金：要么依靠掠夺殖民地，要么依靠勒索战败国人民的赔款，否则依靠外债。If a man couldnt walk into a room and tell who was for him and who was against him,then he wasnt much of a politician.要是一个人不能在一上任就看出谁支持他，谁反对他，那么他就不配搞政治。,Conversion from English Prepositions into Chinese Verbs(英语介词转换为汉语动词),Ex:In our view this meeting in Beijing contributes significantly towards that future.我们认为，此次在北京的会见大大有助于实现这样的前景。She escorted the foreign guests round the sights of Guilin.她陪外宾游览桂林风景。In his early days he adandoned medicine for literature.他早年放弃医学而改为从事文学。China emerges stronger than ever,with more solid foundations against flood,drought and famine.中国变得比过去任何时候都强大，有了更坚实的基础向水灾、旱灾和饥饿作斗争。,Conversion of Word Class 转换词类,2.1.4 Conversion from English Nouns into Chinese Adjectives(英语名词转换为汉语形容词)English nouns derived from adjectives are often converted into Chinese adjectives.,Conversion from English Nouns into Chinese Adjectives(英语名词转换为汉语形容词),Eg:Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.独立思考在学习中是绝对必要的。The lower stretches of rivers show considerable variety.河流下游的情况是多种多样的。I am a perfect stranger to physics.我对物理一窍不通。,Conversion from English Nouns into Chinese Adjectives(英语名词转换为汉语形容词),Ex:I have full assurance of the re