英语中的省略和替代.ppt

Ellipsis,Grammar,1.This radio,but that one doesnt.,读下列句子,说你的感觉。,work well,works well,2.When pure,a colorless liquid.,water is,water is,3.Are you?Yes,I am.,ready,ready,4.He was as he had been in his youth.,a lover of sports,a lover of sports,5.The river deep and the ice thin.,was,was,6.ake care!,You,T,t,1.省略句的定义,省略是为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法修辞手段。省略在语言中,尤其在对话中,是一种十分普遍的现象。,2.句子成分的省略,省略前提:主谓宾,定状表,如有重复可删掉。,省略原则:词语省略后,不致令人费解。,省略类型：1.心照不宣型(用于祈使句和某些现成的简单句中)；2.承前省后型(用于对话、并列句和动词不定式中)；3.可有可无型(用于宾从中的that、定从中作宾语 的whom,which,that和某些状从中)4.虚拟倒装型(只用于需要倒装的虚拟条件句中)。,1.省略主语:祈使句中的主语通常被省略;其他省略的主语的情况多限于少数现成的说法。,(1)(You)Come in,please.(2)(I)See you tomorrow.(3)(I)Thank you for your help.(4)(I)Beg your pardon.,简单句中的省略,2.省略主语或谓语的一部分,简单句中的省略,(1)(There is)No smoking.(2)(Will you)Have a smoke?(3)Why(do you)not say hello to him?(4)How(do you think)about a cup of tea?(5)(You come)this way,please.,3.省略宾语:可省略宾语的全部;可省略作宾语的动词不定式,只保留to,但如果该宾语是动词be或完成时态,则须在to后加上be或have。,-Do you know Miss Hu?-I dont know(her).(2)Dont touch anything unless the teacher tells you to(touch).(3)-Are you a teacher?-No,but I want to be(a teacher).(4)-He hasnt finished the task.-Well,he ought to have(finish it).,4.省略表语,-Are you thirsty?-Yes,I am(thirsty).His brother is lazy.Nor is his sister(lazy).,5.同时省略几个句子成分,-Are you fell better now?-(Im feeling)better(now).(2)(I wish)Good luck(to you)!(3)Lets meet at the school gate as the same as(we met)yesterday.,并列句中的省略,两个并列分句中,后一分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。,My father is a doctor and my mother(is)a nurse.(2)I study at college and my sister(studies)at high school(3)Lins father was not at home,but his mother was(at home).,主从复合句中的省略,1.主句中有一些主谓被省略,(Im)Sorry to heat that you are ill.(2)(Its)a pity that you missed such a good chance.,2.省略从句中与主句相同的部分,They do not visit their parents as much as they ought to(visit their parents).,3.主句与从句各有一些成分被省略,The sooner(you do it),the better(it will be).,4.省略一个从句或从句的一部分,可用so 或 not代替。常用于此类的动词有believe,think,expect,guess,hope,imagine,suppose,say,tell等以及appear,seem,afraid etc.,(4)Do you think he will attend the meeting?-I guess not.,(1)Is he coming back tonight?-I think so.,(2)She must be busy now?-If so,she cant go with us.,(3)Is she feeling better today?-Im afraid not.,其他省略,1.连词that的省略,宾语从句中常省略连词that.I know he is a student.(2)在定语从句中,that在从句中作宾语时可省略。另外,凡是进行时态和被动语态的定语从句都可省略关系代词和be 动词。He likes the songs(that)Andy Lau sings.He likes the songs(that are)sung by Andy Lau.,(that),2.在某些状语从句中,从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,可省去“主语+be”部分。,(1)When still a boy of 10,he had to work day and night.,(2)She tried her best though rather poor in health.,(3)While cycling,dont forget the traffic lights.骑车时,不要忘记看红绿灯。,(you are),(you),(he was),(she was),3.不定式符号to的省略,1)并列的不定式可省去后面的 to.I told him to sit down and wait for a moment.2)help 当“帮助”讲时,后面的宾语或宾补的 不定式符号to可带可不带。I will help(to)do it for you.I will help you(to)do it.(3)介词but前若有动词do,后面的不定式不带 to.The boy did nothing but play.,4)某些使役动词(let,make,have)及感官动词(see,watch,hear,notice,observe,feel,look at,listen to等）后面作宾语补足语的不定式一定要省去 to,但在被动语态中须将to 复原。I saw the boy fall from the tree.The boy was seen to fall from the tree.The boss made us work 12 hours a day.We were made to work 12 hours a day.,5)主语从句中有动词do,后面作表语的不定式 的to可带可不带。What we can do now is(to)wait.6)find 当“发现”讲时，后面作宾语补足语的 不定式符号to可带可不带。We found him(to)work very hard at the experiment.但如果是不定式 to be,则不能省略。She found him to be dishonest.,(3)Should there be a flood,what should we do?,they would certainly come and help us.,(2)Were I you,I would do the work better.,Had they time,If,I had time,(If I were you),(If there should be a flood),4.连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略,但要将 后面的should,were,had提到主语的前面。,5.英语中有一些固定的省略结构：在以if,when,though,as if(好象)等连词引导的从句中,如从句中的主要动词是be,常将主语it 和动词be 省略。If necessary,we shall send a telegram home.如有必要,我们就往家里打电报。Whenever possible,he will come to my help.他一有可能就来帮助我。,it is,it is,Notes,1.省略句可同时省掉句子几个成份What exciting news!(=What exciting news it is!)多么令人激动的消息啊！Pity hes failed.(=It is a pity that hes failed.)很遗憾,他失败了。I like him more than her.(=I like him more than I like her.)我喜欢他更甚于喜欢她。,3.被省略的部分一般可以在句子中补上,但有时省略结构已经定型,如果把省略部分补上,反而不合乎习惯。He is taller than I am.他比我高。(am之后省略tall,补上不合习惯）No parking.禁止停车。(告示用语=No parking is allowed here.)有一些习惯表达很难补上所省略的部分：Not at all.不用谢。No matter.不要紧。Thanks.谢谢。,1.Havent seen you for ages.2.Sounds like a good idea.3.Sorry to hear that.4.this way,please!5.Joining us for a walk?6.Some more tea?7.Doesnt matter.8.Pity you couldnt come.9.Terrible weather!10.Going to the supermarket?,Exercise,I,It,I am,Walk,Would you like,Would you like,It,It is a,What/Such,Are you,Exercise,She can swim under water longer than I can swim under water.2.They discussed whether they should stay in the house or they should try the open air.3.They had a meal,they went out for a walk and then they came back to sleep.4.Dont bathe if you dont to bathe.5.I dont visit my parents as much as I ought to visit my parents.,1.The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it.A.begins B.having begun C.beginning D.begun,D,单项选择,2.What surprised me was not what he said but _ he said it.A.the way B.in the way that C.in the way D.the way which,A,3.A computer does only what thinking people _.A.have it do B.have it done C.have done it D.having it done,A,4.-Ill be away on a business trip.Would you mind looking after my car?-Not at all._.A.Ive no time B.Id rather not C.Id like it D.Id be happy to,D,5.-You havent lost the ticket,have you?-_.I know its not easy to get another one at the moment.A.I hope not B.Yes,I have C.I hope so D.Yes,Im afraid so,A,6._ it rain tomorrow,we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.A.Were B.Should C.Would D.Will,B,7.-Lets go and have a good drink tonight.-_ Have you got the first prize in the competition?A.What for?B.Thanks a lot.C.Yes,Id like to D.Why not?,A,8.-Tomorrow is a holiday.Why are you doing your homework?-I am doing these exercises now so that I wont have _ on Sunday.A.it B.them C.for D.to,D,9.-Shall I invite Ann to my birthday party tomorrow evening?-Yes.Itll be fine if you _.A.are B.can C.invite D.do10.-Arent you the manager?-No,and I _.A.dont want to B.dont want to be C.dont want be D.dont want,D,B,11.-Wont you have another try?-_.A.Yes,I will have B.Yes,I wont have C.Yes,I wont D.Yes,I will 12.-I wont do it any more.-_?A.Why not B.Why dont do any more C.Why not do D.Why dont,D,D,13.-Do you think it will snow tomorrow?-_?A.I dont think B.No,I dont think C.I dont think so D.No,I dont so 14.-Have you fed the cat?-No,but _.A.Im B.I am C.Im just going D.Im just going to,C,D,15.-Does your brother intend to study German?-Yes,he intends _.A./B.to C.so D.that16.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him _.A.not to B.not to do C.not do it D.do not to 17.-What do you think made Mary so upset?-_her new bicycle.A.As she lost B.Lost C.Losing D.Because of losing,B,A,C,18.If _,well continue our experiment after office hours.A.being necessary B.be necessary C.is necessary D.necessary19.-Do you think its going to rain over the weekend?-_.A.I dont believe B.I dont believe it C.I believe not so D.I believe not 20.Generally speaking,_ according to directions,the drug has no side effect.A.when taking B.when taken C.when to take D.when to be taken,D,D,B,21.One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow,and _.A.the other is white B.another white C.the other white D.another is white22.-Would you like some wine?-Yes,just _.A.little B.very little C.a little D.a few,C,C,替代,(一)so和not作替代词,代替被省略的某个词(组)或句子,一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用,作be afraid,believe,become,all,do,expect,fear,hope,imagine,say,see,speak,suppose,think等的宾语。Not代替否定的句子还可放在perhaps,probably,absolutely等副词后。,e.g.She was not angry at first,but became so(=angry)after a while.,-Is he the best student in the class?-I think so(=He is best student in the class).-I think not(=He is not the best student in the class).,(二)替代的应用,1.so可以放在句首或句尾,但若谓语动词是see,notice,hear等,则只能放在句首。如：I believe(say,think)so.=So I believe(say,think).He is absent today.So I see(hear,notice).,2.在表示肯定或怀疑意义的句中不可用so。如：误:I doubt so.正:I doubt it.,4.do so一般只用替代动态动词,不替代静态动词。如:She said she would go with me,but she didnt do so.,-Alice feels better today.-I think she does.-So she does.而不能说 I think she does so.,3.在ask和know之后也不用so。如：误:Why do you ask so?正:Why do you ask that?,Homework,1.Go over the usage of Ellipsis.2.Do Exercises 2,3,4 on page 37.,