研究生英语罗斯福和新政.ppt

FranklinRoosevelt,罗斯福总统,他是一位杰出的美国总统；,他是唯一一位坐在轮椅上的美国总统；,他是唯一一位连任四届的美国总统(1933-1945)；,他被人们喻为“狮子”和“狐狸;他是继华盛顿林肯后最受美国和世界公众欢迎的美国总统.,富兰克林罗斯福(1882-1945),身家背景,Early political career早期政治生涯,State Senator 州参议员（1910年）Assistant Secretary of the Navy 海军助理国务卿(1913年)Campaign for Vice-President 参加副总统的竞选活动（1920年）Governor of New York,19291932 1929年至1932年纽约州长1932 presidential election and he is the only one in U.S.history,the president his fourth consecutive term 1932年总统选举,而且他是美国历史上唯一一位连任四届的总统,Roosevelt was famous for his contribution during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war II.,临危受命,罗斯福上台时美国面临的危险状况,银行倒闭、企业破产、市场萧条、工人失业、农产品价格下降等,加深了美国的社会危机,美国出现经济危机和社会危机,临危受命,危机到来时胡佛政府采取的经济政策和结果,1、美国出现经济危机和社会危机,2、胡佛反危机措施的失败,政策：自由放任的经济政策,结果：危机恶化，矛盾更加尖锐,临危受命,1、美国出现经济危机和社会危机,2、胡佛反危机措施的失败,美国第32届总统，任期12年零39天（1933-1945年）。他是美国历史上任职时间最长的总统。被公认为“二十世纪美国最伟大的总统”之一。,临危受命,参加竞选时，他就通过发言人告诉人们：“一个领导人不一定是一个杂技演员。我们选他并不是因为他能做前滚翻或后滚翻。他干的是脑力劳动，是想方设法为人民造福。”依靠这样的坚忍和乐观，罗斯福终于在1933年以绝对优势击败胡佛，成为美国第32届总统。,1、美国出现经济危机和社会危机,2、胡佛反危机措施的失败,3、罗斯福上台,“美国人民不是束手无策，在此紧急关头我将为人民实行新政，这个国家需要行动，而且现在就行动起来”罗斯福演说词,罗斯福新政TheNew Deal,Roosevelts policies,direct payments to individuals,change something to make it better,government spending money to make jobs,社会保障,立法,The New Deal,据统计，到1933年初，美国银行倒闭事件已经上升到五千五百家，有九百万储户失去了自己的存款。整个金融系统瘫痪，人们手拿支票，却无法兑现。,罗斯福就职后的第二天国会通过紧急银行法案；同时，由国家拨款30亿美元贷款给大银行，支持其开业，并成立“联邦储蓄保险公司”，对存款实行政府保险。,1、整顿财政金融体系,思考：新政为何先从金融业开始？起到了怎样的积极效果？,恢复了银行的信用，促进了金融体系的正常运作，稳定了人心，为工农业生产的恢复提供了前提保证。,Controlling Banks,The Banking Act of 1935 replaced the old Federal Reserve Board with a 7-member board of governors to be appointed by the President for 14 year terms.The board was given the power to decide whether to raise or to lower the nations money supply.,Taxing the Wealthy,The Revenue Act of 1935 was an attempt to break up large accumulations of wealth.It increased the rates of gift and estate taxes.It increased the tax.rates for people with large incomes.,Congress Regulates Finance,The Home Owners Loan Corporations provided government loans to homeowners who were facing foreclosure because they could not meet their mortgage payments.,Congress Regulates Finance,The Securities Act gave the Federal Trade Commission the power to supervise new securities.Now companies that wanted to sell stock had to give the public full information.The Glass-Steagall Act set up the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to protect bank deposits up to$5,000.,The New Deal,1933年国家工业复兴法：由政府调节工业生产中的问题，各个工业企业制订本行业的公平经营规章，规章确定各企业的生产规模、产品价格、销售市场的分配 工资工时法规定了企业工人最低工资和最高工时。,思考：为什么要求各工业企业确定各工业企业的生产规模等？为什么要规定工人的最低工资和最高工时？,加强国家工业的计划和指导，防止盲目生产引起生产过剩，对恢复经济、缓和阶级矛盾起了积极作用。,1、整顿财政金融体系,2、加强对工业的指导,Overseeing the Stock Market,The Securities Exchange Commission,which had been established in 1934,was given the power to prevent insider trading.Placed in charge of the new SEC was Joseph P.Kennedy.,The New Deal,大危机中境况最惨的还是农业，农产品大量滞销，农民负债累累，农产品价格已跌到历史最低点，猪肉三分一磅，牛肉五分一磅，一只肥羊卖不到一元钱。1933年农业调整法：减少耕地，缩小现有的耕地面积，屠宰大批牲畜，由政府来补贴农民的经济损失。,思考：罗斯福总统对农业的调整产生什么样的结果？,克服农业生产相对过剩的危机，从而使农产品的价格逐渐回升，促进了农业的复苏。,1、整顿财政金融体系,2、加强对工业的指导,3、调整农业政策,Mexican Americans,When the dust bowl sent thousands of ruined farmers to California,Mexican Americans found it harder than ever to make a living there.Competition among workers drove some farm wages as low as nine cents an hour.,Farmers Agree to Limit Production,The nations farmers were caught between huge surpluses and low prices.Under the Agricultural Adjustment Administration,the federal government agreed to pay farmers a certain amount for every acre of land left unseeded.,田纳西水利工程,Equal or Equivalent,Another name for a fair price for agricultural products was parity.,The New Deal,思考：“以工代赈”大规模兴建工程会产生什么积极影响？,增加了就业；刺激了生产和消费；改善了美国的基础设施；稳定社会秩序；,当时全美国的工赈机关总计雇佣人员占全国劳动力的一半，不仅大大缓解了失业困难，刺激了经济的早日复苏，而且许多基础设施建设至今仍使美国经济受益无穷。,1、整顿财政金融体系,2、加强对工业的指导,3、调整农业政策,4、增加社会福利,Many People Need Jobs,The Civilian Conservation Corps put unemployed single males to work building roads,planting trees,and helping soil-erosion and flood-control projects.,Reorganize Relief,Except for the CCC and the PWA,all other work programs were put under the Works Progress Administration headed by Harry Hopkins.This organization set out to create many jobs as fast as possible.It received a budget of$5 billion,the largest sum any nation had ever spent for public welfare at one time.,Congress Begins Social Security,In 1935 the United States followed the example of other industrial nations and established a system of social insurance.The centerpiece of the Social Securities Act was a pension system for retired workers and their spouses.,Reforming Utility Companies,The Public Utility Holding Company Act said that holding companies that failed to promote efficiently and savings over the next five years would be dissolved.Enforcing the act proved to be difficult.,The New Deal,1935年的全国劳工关系法：重申工人的权利，规定雇主不得敢干预和图谋控制劳工组织；雇主不得拒绝与工人进行集体谈判，并根据该法成立了劳工关系委员会。,思考：这些社会立法对解决社会问题有什么积极作用？,保障了个人的基本权利，提高了个人的政治地位,1、整顿财政金融体系,2、加强对工业的指导,3、调整农业政策,4、增加社会福利,5、加强社会立法,Congress Regulates Finance,The Economy Act lowered the salaries of government workers and reduced payments to veterans.FDR hoped this act would appease people who were worried about excess federal spending.,罗斯福新政内容及措施,特点：,国家加强对经济的干预,经济上,一定程度缓和了美国的社会矛盾,开创了国家干预经济的新模式,迎来国家垄断资本主义的时期,使美国经济逐渐走出低谷,政治上,制度创新,影响深远,The Influence and Significance of The New Deal,Thank you!,