引用与参考文献写作.ppt

英语专业论文写作,文献引用与参考文献格式,1 引用的功能与类别,凡在正文中引用他人观点和语句均需标注。引用具有学术论证功能，可以为作者自己的观点提供支持；引用也可以提供学术背景，如对相关研究的历史性描述，对术语、研究方向、研究方法的介绍；另外，学术引用还具有质疑功能和文献评价功能。学术引用关系到作者观点的表达与论证，关系到作者的学术道德，完整规范的引用是论文科学性、客观性和可信度的标志，因此正确合理地引用文献至关重要。引用方式可分为直接引用和间接引用。直接引用是作者用引号直接援引原创者的概念、观点或表述，并注明出处，要求引文绝对忠实原文；间接引用是以释义（paraphrase）和概括（summary）的方法援引原创者的概念、观点或表述。引用的标注办法是将引文的文献来源信息置于圆括号内，信息由作者姓氏、出版年代、著作页码构成（间接引用可以不标注页码），例(Gardner,1985:10)。,2 间接引用（indirect citation）,间接引用是通过使用最恰当的词句对原文进行释义（paraphrase）和概括（summary），所引用的内容不需要置于引号中。释义是用不同的表达方式阐述原文含义，使之更简洁、更明了（rewording for the purpose of clarification）。常见手段有：删略次要信息；使用同义词、反义词、下义词；采用注释性说明；改换说法（如改变陈述角度、倒换顺序等）等。概括是将整篇文献（全书或全文）的观点归纳概括成一段话，甚至浓缩成一两句话。释义和概括的能力可以直接反映出作者的学术写作水平,2.1 正文中没有出现作者姓名,a.括号中标出作者姓氏和出版年代，中间用逗号。e.g.It has been argued that teachers role is to provide the students with optimal conditions which can facilitate learning so that students can achieve similar results(Bloom,1994).,b.两位作者，用e.g.The disadvantage of the multiple regression analysis is that it cannot show the complex interrelations between independent variable(Bryman&Cramer,1990).,c.多位作者。只需写出第一作者的姓氏，其后加上“et al”。e.g.Modern Literary studies have their origin in classic studies(Graff et al.,1989).,2.2 正文中已提及作者姓名,a.括号中只需标出文献年代。括号既可以位于引文结尾处，也可以紧接作者姓名。e.g.Fries(1981)attempted to provide evidence that theme is a meaningful concept by showing a number of short texts.,b.涉及一篇以上文献，中间用分号。e.g.In addition to these three well recognized aspectual markers,some scholars(Sapir,1825;Bowell,2002;Mockery,2004)have also studied the aspectual meanings of these nouns.e.g.Some theorists find no value in Smiths thesis and vehemently argue against its points(e.g.Jacobson,2001;Waugh,2002).,3 直接引用（direct citation）,直接引用除了可以引用短语、句子外，也可以引用段落、图表、数据。当从专业性辞典、百科全书中引用学术定义，或从论文、专著中引用权威人士的观点，或引用有争议的观点时，通常使用直接引用。,直接引用应该注意以下几点：,引文置于双引号中，括号中必须标注页码；引用部分不能破坏正文句法，要自然溶入正文之中（weave quotations into the text），不得出现“句中句”。请参见2.3节的“常见引用动词和句型”；不能过度引用，要尽量使用概括和释义的形式进行间接引用；引文要简洁。太长的内容可以放在附录（appendix）中，如“调查表”、“数据表”等。,(i)词语与句子引用,a.作者在正文中出现，括号中标注出版年代与引文所在页码。在正文中出现的华人作者应该用全名，如：Wang Datong(2002:111)believed that.e.g.Graff defines his recent book,Professing Literature,as“a history of academic literary studies in the United States”(2005:19).,b.两位作者。作者未在正文中出现。e.g.Based on different findings,it is proposed that“the type of motivation and its strength are likely to be determined less by some generalized principle and more by who learns what in what milieu”(Laser&Long,1993:174).,(ii)段落引用（Block quotation）,直接引文占四行或以上，引文单独成段，不需引号。段落用“齐头式”，单倍行距，整个段落缩进8个空格。引文中已有的引号，改为单引号。括号标注位于段落末尾。,e.g.Australian literature in English began soon after the settlement of the country by Europeans.Common themes include indigenous and settler identity,alienation,exile and relationship to place,but it is a varied and contested area.The Australian literature is characterized as follows:Emphasizing the orthodox tradition of Jurisprudence and supporting the standard style of poetry.This represented the main trend of Wu age.This view was in accordance with Wus ideas and status as a Confucian scholar and it should correspond to his writing style and Jurisprudence should be mingled with literature.Summarizing the remarks on the oetry of the land,people insist on learning from the ancient people and their rich minds(Herders,199:126).Literature is literally acquaintance with letters as in the first sense given in the Oxford English Dictionary from the Latin litter meaning an individual written character”.We will discuss Australian language,letters and literature,including discussions about poetry,novels,childrens literature,plays and theatre scripts,literary magazines and newspapers.,(iii)诗歌引用,所引用的诗歌如果在论文的正文中不超过两行，则用斜线“/”将诗行分开，引用部分加双引号。如果所引用的诗歌超过两行，则采用段落引用的方式。e.g.In his“Hymn to Intellectual Beauty,”Shelly personifies the immaterial,spiritual world:“The awful shadow of some unseen Power/Floats though unseen among us”(1887:23).,(iv)剧本引用,引用剧本不标注页码，而是标注幕、场、行e.g.Hamlet says：O,my offence is rank,it smells to heaven;It hath the primal eldest curse upont,A brothers murder.Pray can I not,Though inclination be as sharp as will(Act 3.Scene 3.40-43).,(v)直接引用中的省略,a.原文太长，引文中间有所省略，用方括号标示。e.g.According to Margaret G.Meyers,“the Granger movement was able to force regulatory legislation through some states legislatures”(1887:23).此例的原文为：In the western farm states the Granger movement,organized in 1869 as the Patron of Husbandry,was able to force regulatory legislation through some state legislatures.,b.如果省略的是头或尾，不需标示。e.g.A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds,adored by little statesmen,philosophers and divine.【原文】Emerson advocated the courage to change ones mind when he said that“a little foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds”(1987:43).【省略尾部（下划线部分）的直接引用；原文中的逗号也省去，无需省略号】,e.g.Moralists have unanimously agreed,that unless virtue be nursed by liberty,it will never attain due strength.【原文】Mary Wollstonecraft wrote that“unless virtue be nursed by liberty,it will never attain due strength”(1975:191).【省略头部（下划线部分）的直接引用】,(vi)直接引用中方括号的使用,a.引文中间省略（见上）。,b.引文中某些词语因脱离语境，指代不明：e.g.He said in his speech,“These two nations America and Russia seem set to sway the destinies of half the globe”(1997:318).,c.更改引文首词语法形式，使之能够嵌入正文中：e.g.This is what Bruner(1983:537)meant when he described as essential to learning the act of climbing on your shoulders to be able to look down at what youve just done and then to represent it to yourself.,d.添加强调形式：e.g.Here is a sentence cited from Steven Pinkers book The Language Instinct:“Many prescriptive rules of grammar are just plain dumb and should be deleted from the usage handbooks emphasis added.”,e.原文有错（拼写错误、年代错误等）：e.g.Doe added,“the affects effects of radiation exceeded our estimates”(2006:23).,4 引用中的特殊情形,(i)反复引用 多次引用某一篇作品内容（如文学评论）。为方便起见，从第二次引用起，只注页码。e.g.In six months time,he was tramped into marriage with her,though“he had no respect for her”(40).,(ii)易混淆文献：同一作者与同姓作者,a.同一作者在同一年发表的著作（如论文、专著等），用小写英文字母在出版时间后标志，以示区别，如(1995a:79)、(1995b:173)。标志顺序必须与参考文献中的排列顺序一致。e.g.Shaggy points out that“the beginning writer does not know how writers behave”(1995a:79).,b.如果出现两位作者姓氏相同、且是同一年份的文献，括号中应该加上作者的名字缩写。如：(X.D.Wang,1990)。e.g.Teachers applauded Shaggys assertion that“teaching them beginning writers to write well is not only suitable but challenging work for those who would be teachers and scholars in a democracy”（R.Miller,2002）.,(iii)团体作者与无作者文献,a.引用团体作者的作品，括号夹注中应使用团体的名称。e.g.Conceptually,motivation is seen as“the combination of effort plus desire to achieve the goal of learning the language plus favorable attitude toward learning language”(American Psychological Association,1987:20).,b.引用无作者文献，最好在正文中提及该文献的标题，并在参考文献中标出其详细网址。e.g.In a web article entitled“The way to Enlarge Vocabulary”,the author presented three ways.,(iv)转引(tertiary citation),未能亲自阅读原著，内容来自二手资料，需在来源前加上“qtd in”字样。论文中应尽量避免通过中介文献转引，因为转引容易以讹传讹、断章取义。完全可以直接引用的，却使用转引，还会使读者觉得作者见闻不广，用力不勤。在参考文献部分，应以中介文献撰写条目。如本例中，文后的参考文献中出现的应该是Sandburg的文献条目。转引也可以以间接引用的形式出现。e.g.Lincoln pledged to reconcile the war-torn nation with malice towards none,with charity for all(qtd.in Sandburg,1983:481).,5 常见引述动词（reporting verb）与句型（constructions）,英语中常见的引述动词（又称转述动词）有：acknowledge（承认、确认）admit,argue,assert（主张、断言）assume,believe,claim,confirm,deny,describe,dispute(争论),emphasize,illustrate（举例说明）,indicate,observe,point out,propose,refute（反驳）reject,report,reveal（揭示）say,show,speculate（推测）state,suggest,write,请记住下面的规则：If it is an idea,you may use believe.If it is a situation,you may use describe.If it is a phenomenon,you may use observe.If it is a fact,you may use report.If it is a speculation,you may use speculate推测.If it is a statement,you may use state.If it is an argument,you may use argue.,注意：MLA制式中的引用动词通常用一般时态，而APA制式中的引用动词则往往用过去时或现在完成时。我们可以选择其中的一种，但要注意全文时态的一贯性,常见引述句型举例：,e.g.As Huck says(states,claims),language competence is.e.g.Smith insists(confirms,suggests)that.e.g.According to Quirk et al.(1985:101),adverbials are divided into two groups.e.g.It has been argued that if communication is to be successful,the people involved need to share the same referential meaning of the words they are using(Byron&Fleming,1999).,常见引述句型举例：,e.g.Gothe wrote(has observed)that“it takes more culture to perceive the virtues of The Magic Flute than to point out its defects”(qtd in Newman,1998:104).e.g.Walker(1991)defines the concept of culture as“the shared patterns of behaviors and interactions,cognitive constructs”.,常见引述句型举例：,e.g.Oscar Wilde,a British dramatist,complained that.e.g.Zhou Yukai(1999)pointed out that many feminists draw inspiration and empowerment from.e.g.The Goatsucker(2005)illustrated the difference as follows:,6 引用时标点符号的处理,a.引文句尾的句号省略，括号夹注位于正文句尾的句号之前。e.g.Bertram also states,“The learning module enabled students to overcome the difficulties associated with the transition into college”(1999:48).,b.如果引文是以问号或感叹号结尾，保留原来的标点符号，括号夹注后同样加上正文句号。e.g.Patrick Henry exclaimed,“What would they have?Is life so dear,or peace so sweet,as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery?Forbid it,Almighty God!I know not what course others may take;but as for me,give me liberty or give me death!”(1975:23).,c.如果引文中原来就有引号，将原来的双引号改为单引号。e.g.Based on different findings,it is proposed that“the type of motivation and its strength are likely to be determined less by some generalized principle and more by who learns what in what milieu at that time”(Freeman&Long,1993:174-175).,d.正文中提到的短篇文献，如论文、杂文、歌曲、短诗、短篇小说、独幕剧等，其标题置于引号之中。e.g.In his“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”,Robert Frost described the woods as“lovely,dark and deep”.,e.正文中提到的长篇文献，如杂志、学报、书籍、报刊、长诗、电影、戏剧等，其标题用斜体标示。e.g.Halliday and Hasan(1976),in their ground-breaking work Cohesion in English,describe cohesion as“a semantic concept that refers to relations of meaning that exist within a text”.,参考文献,1 Searle,J.Speech Acts:An Essay in the Philosophy of Language M.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1969.（注：著作类。作者一人，姓前名后，中间逗号隔开。下同。）2 Fauconnier,G.&M.Turner.The Way We Think:Conceptual Blending and the Minds Hidden Complexities M.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002.（注：著作类。作者二人，第一作者姓前名后。第二作者按照英文姓名正常顺序，即名前姓后，中间无逗号）3 Quirk,R.et al.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language M.London:Longman,1985.（注：著作类，作者二人以上，仅列第一作者，姓前名后）4 Bolinger,D.The Atomization of Word Meaning J.Language,1965(4).（注：期刊类，作者一人。只需标注年度与期号，卷号不需标出）,5 Howard,Maureen(trans.).Foreword.Mrs.DallowayM.By Virginia Woolf.New York:Harvest-Harcourt,1981.（注：前言类。所引用文字不是出自原著，而是译者的话）6 Bybee,Joan.The Grammaticization of Zero:Asymmetries in Tense and Aspect Systems A.In William Pagliuca(ed.).Perspectives on Grammaticalization C.Amsterdam:John Benjamins,1994.（注：论文集类，析出论文作者一人，置首。编者一人，位于“In”后。该集相当于一本书，用斜体。若编著者在两人以上，仅列第一编者，并将ed.改为eds.）7 Hornby,A.S.Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English(6th edition)Z.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2000.（注：辞典类，作者一人。注意版本标示）8 Tabor,Whitney.Syntactic Innovation:A Connectionist Model D.Stanford:Stanford University,1994.（注：学位论文类，作者一人）,9 Luo GuanzhongRomance of the Three KingdomsMMoss Roberts(trans.)Beijing:Beijing Foreign Press,1995（注：译著类，“trans.”格式同“ed.”）10 Emerson,R.W.Essays:First Series.http:/(accessed 15/01/2008).（注：网络文献。必须标明详细网址和读取日期）11 Nida，E.ALanguage,Culture,and TranslatingMShanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,1993.（注：国内出版的英文原著，出版社名称用英文表示）12 何兆熊.新编语用学概要M.上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000.（注：中文著作类，作者一人）,13 吕瑞昌等.汉英翻译教程M.西安:陕西人民出版社,1999.（注：中文著作类，作者三人以上）14 索绪尔.普通语言学教程M.高名凯译.北京:商务印书馆,1996.（注：译著类，英文文献用“Trans.”，置于括号中，格式同“ed.”）15 张权.英语动词名词化的认知结构分析J.外国语,2001(6).（注：中文期刊类。只标注年度与期号，不标卷号）16 冯庆华.论译者的风格A.谢天振(编).翻译的理论建构与文化透视C.上海:上海外语教育出版社,7 论文文献引用常见问题,引而不标：除了故意抄袭之外，是因为认识上的误区，以为引文一多就显示不出自己的水平，其实恰恰相反，恰到好处的引文说明了你的阅读量、阅读层次、概括能力、学术撰写功底等。牵强引用：学术引用应以必要为限，注意适度引用，尽量避免“引”而不“证”。只有当论证时不引用某些观点或材料就不能充分说明问题，才有必要引用，要考虑相关性，不能将相关领域的知名论著强拉硬拽来点缀或壮胆。被引文献的质量应具有代表性和新颖性，在同类文献中要择优引用，而且要好中求新。,矫意奉己：为了符合自己行文的需要，曲解原意，以偏概全，断章取义来支撑自己的观点。正如西方学者所说：“利用圣经里的某句话来反对上帝。”过量引用：读书少、自己的观点又少，只好拿别人的东西来凑数，也有抄袭之嫌。记住：学位论文中，无特殊需要不必罗列教科书中的一般知识性内容。,标记错误：引用时必须采用规范化、标准化的著录格式，准确指示信息来源，便于读者查验相关信息，这样还可以节约篇幅，便于计算机存储、检索和输出。前后不一：有的引文文献来源信息与参考文献（Bibliography）中的不一致。出现原因有（1）直接拷贝别人的引用，根本没有阅读原文。（2）论文经过多次修改，新增的引用未在参考文献内增加，删除的引用未从参考文献移除，结果造成不对应。,记住：避免“非故意抄袭”最好的办法就是了解引用和参考文献的规范，熟练掌握各种规则。在规范的基础上才可能有高质量、高水平的学术成果。,