小学英语语法形容词和副词详细讲解.ppt

,Hello,everyone!,小学英语语法形容词和副词,形容词,形容词（adjective 简称 adj.或 a.）修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质，状态和特征。根据形式，形容词可以分为简单形容词（由单个词构成的）和复杂形容词（两个或两个以上的词构成的）如：beautiful是简单形容词，good-looking是复杂形容词e.g:She is a good-looking girl.(good-looking是由形容词good和分词looking构成的复合形容词。）,4.2 以-ly结尾的形容词 1）大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。（错）She sang lovely.（错）He spoke to me very friendly.,2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词，如daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early等。例如：The Times is a weekly paper.时代周刊为周刊。The Times is published weekly.时代周刊每周发行一期。,4.3 用形容词表示类别和整体 1）某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接，如the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry等。例如：The poor are losing hope.穷人行将失去希望。,2）有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用，如 the British，the English，the French，the Chinese 等。例如：The English have wonderful sense of humor.英国人颇有幽默感。,三、形容词和副词的级,形容词和副词有三个等级：原级、比较级、最高级1.原级：即形容词和副词的原形。small,good,pretty,big,many hard,happily,slowly,quickly 程度副词very,too,so,quite等修饰形容词和副词的原级。如：very tall、too hot、so cold quite interesting run quickly,程度副词very,too,so,quite等修饰形容词和副词的原级。如：very tall、too hot、so cold quite interesting run quickly,asas,(与一样）not as（so)as（与不一样）中间用原级。,The story is as interesting as that one.The question is not as/so difficult as that one.,形容词的用法,1)形容词在句子中通常放在名词前面，形容词+名词，含有“的”意思。如：a clever boy 一个聪明的男孩a blue car 一辆蓝色的汽车注意：形容词在修饰someone,somebody,something,anything,nothing等不定代词时，需要置于其后。如：something important 重要的事情nothing interesting没有什么有趣的事,2)形容词在句子中也常放在系动词之后，名词+系动词+形容词，如：These flowers are red.这些花是红色的。(形容词red在句中放在系动词be之后。）Bob looks smart today.今天鲍勃看上去很精神。,3 形容词与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、距离”的词连用时，常放在后面。I am 1.60 meters tall.我1米60。She is 12 years old.我12岁。,Exercise1、She is a()girl.A、beautiful B、beauty C、beautifully2、The food tastes()A、terribly B、delicious C、deliciously,A,B,形容词的比较级和最高级句型。,形容词是用来修饰和描述名词，通常放在名词之前 a blue cap a big orange,形容词既可修饰单数也可修饰复数 a red strawberry three red strawberries,一.形容词的概念,2.形容词可以放在 be 动词之后，用来 叙述和说明主语 This suit is blue.These suits are blue.The apple is red.The apples are red.,3.形容词的类别：,形容词,简单形容词：由单个词构成,复合形容词：由两个或两个 以上词构成,darkblue（深蓝的）lightgreen（浅绿的）goodlooking（好看的）newborn（新生的）evergreen（常青的）snowwhite（雪白的）,big small,open closed,tall short,short long,4.形容词中的反义词：,Beautiful ugly,happy sad,ill well,Youngold,fast slow,tallshort fatthin strongweak happysad 高的-矮的 胖的-瘦的 结实的-虚弱的 快乐的-悲伤的youngold newold longshort bigsmall 年轻的-年老的 新的 旧的 长的 短的 大的 小的biglittle goodbad hotcold warmcool大的 小的 好的 坏的 热的 冷的 温暖的 凉爽的drywet fullempty cleandirty fastslow 干的 湿的 满的 空的 干净的 脏的 快的 慢的 thickthin lightheavy ill well sweet bitter 厚的 薄的 轻的 重的 生病的 好的 甜的 苦的 noise quiet beautiful ugly clever stupid 吵闹的 安静的 漂亮的 丑陋的 聪明的 愚笨的,写出下列形容词和副词的反义词,1.fast 2.tall3.heavy4.empty5.fat6.easy7.clean8.safe9.late,10.fat11.cold12.dry13.slowly14.easily15.little16.few17.good18.while,副词放在所修饰的动词之后、形容词和副 词之前。如果前面是行为动词，则后面用副词。如:1.She works hard.（修饰动词）2.I am very busy.（修饰形容词）3.He runs too quickly.（修饰副词）4.We play happily.（修饰动词）,副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句的词，表示时间、地点、程度、状态等。如：,副词的概念,通常在形容词后加-ly变成副词。,slow _ real _usual _ careful_easy _ happy _heavy _ angry _,slowly,usually,easily,heavily,really,carefully,happily,angrily,The dog is bigger than the mouse.,The horse is the biggest of all.,The boy is younger than the man.,The baby is the youngest of the three.,big,bigger,biggest,young younger,youngest,Jim,Li Lei,Tom,Li Lei is taller than Tom.,Jim is the tallest of all.,￥30,￥20,￥10,The yellow coat is cheaper than the purple one.,The brown coat is the cheapest of the three.,The dog is bigger than the mouse,The boy is younger than the man.,Li Lei is taller than Tom.,The yellow coat is cheaper than the purple one.,A+be+比较级+than+B,形容词比较级句式的结构：,The horse is the biggest of all.The baby is the youngest of the three.The brown coat is the cheapest.Jim is the tallest in our class.,主语+be+the+最高级+of/in.,形容词最高级句式的结构：,￥30,￥20,￥10,Tom,Li Lei,Jim,youngcheaptall,Jim is strong.Li Lei is.Tom is.,stronger,the strongest,Exercise,The blue car is nice.The red car the blue car.(红车比蓝车好看）The colour car of all.（彩色车最好看）,is nicer than,is the nicest,big,bigger,Look at the pictures and understand 看图并理解,Look at the pictures and understand 看图并理解,big,bigger,biggest,fast,Look at the pictures and understand 看图并理解,fast,faster,Look at the pictures and understand 看图并理解,fast,faster,fastest,Look at the pictures and understand 看图并理解,副词,副词(adverb缩写为adv.或ad.)用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词，可表示时间、地点、程度、状态等。如：1The wind is blowing strongly.风刮的很大。（副词strongly修饰动词blow，表示程度。）2 I can see clearly.我能看的清。（副词clearly修饰动词see)3 It is very late.天很晚了。（副词very 修饰形容词late)4I love you very much.我很爱你。（副词very修饰副词much),副词的分类,1)时间副词：表示“事情发生的时间”now 现在 then 那时 today 今天yesterday 昨天 2）地点副词：表示“事情发生的地点、位置。”Here这里 there 那里 3）频率副词：表示“事情发生的频度”always 总是 usually通常 often 经常seldom很少 sometimes有时 never 从不,4）程度副词：表示程度的深浅much 很，非常 little很少 very 非常too 太 quite十分5)疑问副词：用来引导一个特殊疑问句。how 怎样 when 什么时候 where在哪里 why 为什么,副词的用法,(1)副词修饰动词时，通常位于被修饰动词的后面。如：We should study hard.我们应该努力学习。You walk too fast.你走得太快了。（2）副词修饰形容词时，通常放在形容词的前面。如：The boy is too young to go to school.那个小孩子太小，不能去 上学。Mark Twin is a very funny man.马克吐温是一个非常有趣的人。,(3)副词修饰副词时，通常放在被修饰副词的前面。如：Lihua dances very well.李华的舞跳得很好。Thank you very much.非常感谢。（4）表示频率的副词，通常位于主谓之间，也可以位于句首。He often goes to school by bike.他经常骑车去上学。Sometimes he goes to see his grandmother.他有时候去看他的奶奶。,副词的作用,He runs fast.run 为动词，fast是副词She does his homework carefully.does 为动词，carefully是副词I eat my dinner quickly.eat 为动词，carefully是副词,副词的比较级和最高级,一般的副词（规则中1，2，3变化而来）为长音节词，这些词的比较级和最高级同形容词中长音节词的变化规则一样，在词的前面加more变成比较级，在词前面加most 构成最高级。例如：carefullymore carefullymost carefully slowlymore slowlymost slowly,一般的副词（规则中1，2，3变化而来）为长音节词，这些词的比较级和最高级同形容词中长音节词的变化规则一样，在词的前面加more变成比较级，在词前面加most 构成最高级。例如：carefullymore carefullymost carefully slowlymore slowlymost slowly,与形容词同形的副词，这些词的比较级和最高级和形容词一致。fast-faster-fastest hardharderhardest latelaterlatest earlyearlier-earliest 特殊记 wellbetterbest badlyworse-worst,as.as和一样,He walks as fast as I.因为句中walk是动词，所以asas中间应该用副词原级，修饰动词walk。注：当as前面是be动词时，asas之间用形容词原级；当as前面是动词时，asas 之间用副词原级。,5）句子中有助动词或be动词时，副词一般位于助动词或be动词之后。如：The visitors have just arrived.这些游客已经到达了。The bus is always crowded.车里总是拥挤的。,4.5 副词及其基本用法 副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。一、副词的位置1）在动词之前。2）在be动词、助动词之后。3）多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。,注意：a.大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。例如：We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.我们清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光。,b.方式副词well，badly，hard等只放在句尾。例如：He speaks English well.他英语说得好。,二、副词的排列顺序：1）时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。,2）方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。例如：Please write slowly and carefully.请写得慢一些，仔细一些3）多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。,注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。例如：,I dont know him well enough.他我不熟悉。There is enough food for everyone to eat.有足够的食物供每个人吃。There is food enough for everyone to eat.,4.6 兼有两种形式的副词 1）close与closely close意思是近；closely 意思是仔细地。例如：He is sitting close to me.他就坐在我边上。Watch him closely.盯着他。,2）late 与lately late意思是晚；lately 意思是最近。例如：You have come too late.你来得太晚了。What have you been doing lately?近来好吗？,3）deep与deeplydeep意思是深，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，深深地。例如：He pushed the stick deep into the mud.他把棍子深深插进泥里。Even father was deeply moved by the film.老爸也被电影深深打动了。,4）high与highlyhigh表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much。例如：The plane was flying high.这架飞机飞得很高。I think highly of your opinion.你的看法很有道理。,5）wide与widelywide表示空间宽度；widely意思是广泛地，在许多地方。例如：He opened the door wide.他把门开得大大的。English is widely used in the world.英语在世界范围内广泛使用。,6）free与freelyfree的意思是免费；freely 的意思是无限制地。例如：You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.无论什么时候，我这饭铺免费对你开放。You may speak freely;say what you like.你可以畅所欲言，想说什么就说什么。,Exercise,1)My father().A、works hard B、hard works C、work hardly2)The dress is().A、beautiful quite B、quite beautiful C、quite beauty3）Tom speaks English（）.A、well so B、well very C、so well4）I（）him speak English.A、often hear B、hear often C、hear usually5）She（）beautiful.A、so is B、is very C、very is,A,B,C,A,B,副词的变化,1一般情况下直接加“ly”,如 quickquickly2以辅音字母加“y”结尾的形容词要变“y”为“i”，然后再加“ly”，如happyhappily3某些辅音字母加不发音字母“e”结尾和以“ue”结尾的形容词要先去掉“e”，然后再加“y”或“ly”，如terribleterribly truetruly4有些词即可以做形容词，也可以做副词。如fast-fast,形容词的比较级,1 单音节和少数双音节词比较级的规则变化：,2 其他双音节词或多音节词，在该词前面加-morebeautiful-more beautifulwonderful-more wonderful,taller harder larger wider,tallest hardest largest widest,bigger hotter fatter wetter,biggest hottest fattest wettest,happier drier earlier,happiest driest earliest,narrower cleverer,narrowest cleverest,more difficult more popularmore slowly,most difficult most popularmost slowly,少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词可加-er或-est,规则变化,better,best,worse,worst,less,more,most,farther/further,older/elder,least,farthest/furthest,oldest/eldest,不规则变化,巧记：特殊形式比较级共有三对二合一坏病两多并两好little意思不是小一分为二有两个一是老来二是远,2.不规则变化,【巧记】：特殊形式比较级,共有三对二合一,坏病两多和两好 little意思不是小,一分为二有两个,一是老来二是远,在形容词词尾加上“er”“est”构成比较级、最高级：,bright（明亮的）brighterbrightest broad（广阔的）broaderbroadest cheap（便宜的）cheapercheapest clean（干净的）cleanercleanest clever（聪明的）cleverercleverest cold（寒冷的）coldercoldest cool（凉的）coolercoolest dark（黑暗的）darkerdarkest,dear（贵的）dearerdearest deep（深的）deeperdeepest fast（迅速的）fasterfastest few（少的）fewerfewest great（伟大的）greatergreatest hard（困难的，硬的）harderhardest high（高的）higherhighest kind（善良的）kinderkindest,light（轻的）lighterlightest long（长的）longerlongest loud（响亮的）louderloudest low（低的）lowerlowest near（近的）nearernearest new（新的）newernewest poor（穷的）poorerpoorest quick（快的）quickerquickest,quiet（安静的）quieterquietest rich（富裕的）richerrichest short（短的）shortershortest slow（慢的）slowerslowest small（小的）smallersmallest smart（聪明的）smartersmartest soft（柔软的）softersoftest,strong（强壮的）strongerstrongest sweet（甜的）sweetersweetest tall（高的）-taller-tallest thick（厚的）thickerthickest warm（温暖的）warmerwarmest weak（弱的）weakerweakest young（年轻的）youngeryoungest,双写最后一个字母，再加上“er”“est”,big（大的）biggerbiggest fat（胖的）fatterfattest hot（热的）hotterhottest red（红的）redderreddest,sad（伤心的）saddersaddest thin（瘦的）thinnerthinnest wet（湿的）wetterwettest mad（疯的）maddermaddest,以不发音的字母e结尾的形容词，加上“r”“st”构成比较级,able（能干的）ablerablest brave（勇敢的）braverbravest close（接近的）closerclosest fine（好的，完美的）finerfinest large（巨大的）largerlargest late（迟的）laterlatest nice（好的）nicernicest,ripe（成熟的）riperripest rude（粗鲁的）ruderrudest safe（安全的）safersafest strange（奇怪的）strangerstrangest wide（宽广的）widerwidest wise（睿智的，聪明的）wiserwisest white（白的）whiterwhitest,以字母y结尾的形容词，把y改为i，再加上“er”“est”,busy（忙碌的）busierbusiest dirty（脏的）dirtierdirtiest dry（干燥的）drierdriest early（早的）earlierearliest easy（容易的）easiereasiest friendly（友好的）friendlierfriendliest funny（好玩的）funnierfunniest happy（开心的）happierhappiest,healthy（健康的）healthierhealthiest heavy（重的）heavierheaviest hungry（饿的）hungrierhungriest lazy（懒惰的）lazierlaziest lucky（幸运的）luckierluckiest naughty（调皮的）naughtiernaughtiest noisy（嘈杂的）noisiernoisiest,pretty（美丽的）prettierprettiest silly（傻的）silliersilliest spicy（辣的）spicierspiciest thirsty（渴的）thirstierthirstiest ugly（丑的）uglierugliest,双音节、多音节形容词，在单词前面加上“more”“most”,afraid（害怕的）more afraidmost afraid beautiful（美丽的）more beautifulmost beautiful careful（仔细的）more carefulmost careful,cheerful（开心的）more cheerfulmost cheerful crowded（拥挤的）more dangerousmost dangerous delicious（美味的）more deliciousmost delicious difficult（困难的）,more crowdedmost crowdeddangerous（危险的）more difficultmost difficult exciting（令人兴奋的）more excitingmost exciting expensive（昂贵的）more expensivemost expensive famous（著名的）,more famousmost famous frightened（受惊的）more frightenedmost frightened frightening（令人害怕的）more frighteningmost frightening hard-working（勤奋的）,more hard-workingmost hard-working helpful（有帮助的）more helpfulmost helpful honest（诚实的）more honestmost honest important（重要的）,more importantmost important interesting（有趣的）more interestingmost interesting polite（有礼貌的）more politemost polite,terrible（可怕的）more terriblemost terrible tired（累的）more tiredmost tired,不规则变化的形容词,bad（坏的）worseworst far（远的）fartherfarthest(farfurtherfurthest)good（好的）betterbest ill（病的）worseworst little（少的）lessleast,many（多的）moremost much（多的）moremost old（年老的）olderoldest(oldeldereldest)well（好的，身体好的）betterbest,形容词原级的常用句型,Tom is as tall as Mike.,as+形容词原形+as,There are as many students in our school as yours.,Tom is three times as old as Mike.,否定 not as+形容词原形+as“和 不一样”或 not so+形容词原形+as“不及不如,Tom is not as tall as Mike.,Tom is not so tall as Mike.,This truck is big enough to carry 5 tons.,so+形容词原级+that丛句 such+名词that丛句,He is so big that he cant enter the room bythe door.,too+原级+to do sth.,He is too young to join the army.,形容词原级+enough to do sth.,比较级+than,形容词比较级的常用句型,This bridge is longer than that one.,Our school is larger than theirs.,表示两者之间的选择，可使用“Which is+比较级，or?”,表示不及另一方时，使用“less+原级+than”,Which is longer,this one or that?,This park is less beautiful than that one.,“The+比较级，the+比较级”,“比较级+and+比较级”,The smaller the house is,the less it will cost us the heat.,In spring,the days are getting longer and longer.,one of the+最高级+名词复数,形容词最高级的常用句型,最高级+of(in),This is/was the最高级+名词+that定语从句,Lu Xun is one of the greatest writers last century.,This is the worst film that I have seen these years.,Of all the movie stars,I think Zhang Ziyi is the best.,用来修饰动词、形容词、其它副词、全句或 名词词组及句子的词。e.g.,very,early,out,soon,quickly,etc.,形容词的比较级1.在使用形容词的时候，我们需要描述“更怎么样”，由此产生了形容词的比较级。名词、动词没有比较级形式.2.比较级的基本形式是在单词结尾+er，注意区别在名词的后面+er变身为相应的职业。3.以不发音的e结尾，单个字母e结尾，+r。4.重度闭音节的单词要双写再+er。5.以辅音+y结尾的（单个y发音的）去y为i+er。6.多音节（大于等于3个音节）的比较级是在单词前面+more，表示更加怎么样。7.不规则变形。没有规律的。,基本形式的练习,tall-_ 7.small-_2.short-_ 8.cool-_3.strong-_ 9.cold-_4.old-_ 10.warm-_5.young-_ 11.deep-_6.long-_ 12.light-_,taller,shorter,stronger,older,younger,longer,smaller,cooler,colder,warmer,deeper,lighter,重读闭音节双写的练习,big-_ thin-_fat-_hot-_wet-_sad-_,bigger,thinner,fatter,hotter,wetter,sadder,以前学的ing格式也遵守重读闭音节要双写的原则。如run-running，swim-swimming。,以不发音的e结尾的训练,不发音的e结尾，或者指单个e结尾的，不包括发音的e和字母组合。large-_nice-_ fine-_,larger,nicer,finer,去y为i+er的练习,heavy-_funny-_happy-_,heavier,funnier,happier,以前学习名词的复数和单三形式时，格式也遵守不发音的y要去y为i+es的原则。如butterfliesfly-flies,多音节比较级的练习,多音节是指大于等于3个音节的单词。前面+more（更加），表示更加怎么样。beautiful more beautifulexcitedmore excited,不规则比较级,不规则的变形只能靠记住good好better更好many多more更多little少less更少,副词比较级的规则变化,与形容词的比较级的构成、用法及读音完全相同。英语中常见的由-er构成比较级的副词有：fast,soon,early,late,hard,long,near,often.对于often人们更喜欢用more often.由形容词加ly构成的双音节词和多音节词，都是在该词前加-morequickly-more quicklydifficultly-more difficultly,不规则变化,形容词比较级的用法,1）A+be+形容词比较级+than+BA比BMy arms are longer than yours.我的手臂比你的长。Beijing is more beautiful than Shenzhen.北京比深圳美。,2)数字+形容词比较级+thanTom is 10 cm taller than me.Ana is 2 years older than me.The dictionary is 1kg heavier than that book.,副词比较级的用法,1)比较级+than（当前后使用的动词相同时，通常用助动词来代替后面的动词，该动词或助动词可以省略。）Lily ran faster than Mary.丽丽跑得比玛丽快。2）比较级+and+比较级The days are getting longer and longer in summer.,4.7 形容词与副词的比较级,注意：1）要避免重复使用比较级。（错）He is more cleverer than his brother.（对）He is more clever than his brother.（对）He is clever than his brother.,2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。（错）China is larger than any country in Asia.（对）China is larger than any other countries in Asia.,3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.,4）要注意定冠词在比较级中的使用。比较：Which is larger,Canada or Australia?Which is the larger country,Canada or Australia?She is taller than her two sisters.She is the taller of the two sisters.,4.11 many,1）如果后接名词时，much more+不可数名词，many more+可数名词复数。和more有关的词组:1）the morethe more越就越。例如：,2）more B than A=less A than B 与其说A不如说