【教学课件】第十四章科技文体的翻译.ppt

第十四章 科技文体的翻译,14.1 科技英语的特点与翻译任何作品均有特定的文体，原文的文体不同，翻译方法也随之而异。试观察下列几个片断的原文及其译文。例文一：It appears that youve got the offer of a very good job.A wonderful job.Are you going to take it?I dont think so.Why not?I dont want to.,这是小说中的一段对说，属于口语文体。其特点是：用词自由，句法结构简单，短句与省略句多，自然朴素，生活气息浓厚。在译文中进一步体现汉语口语的特点，省去主语你、我；将英语的一个句子I dont think so.干脆译成一个字不，显得简洁有力。,例文二：She was of a helpless,fleshy build,with a frank,open countenance and an innocent,diffident manner.Her eyes were large and patient,and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about.,本段摘自（珍妮姑娘）（Jennie Gerhardt）,傅东华译.上面五十一个词的片断,就运用了十个形容词,占五分之一。and in then dwelt such a shadow of distress是非常优美生动的文学语言，译文保持了一风格。,例文三：MONTREAL-Clark Johns accomplished a spectacular debut for his NHL career tonight,the first score launching a four-point first period out burst,to lead the Johnson City High Hats to a 6:4 victory over the Montreal Teals and their eighth consecutive game without a loss.,这是属于应用文的新闻文体，其特点是简明扼要，短小精悍，结构紧凑，笔锋犀利。上述这则电讯只有一个句子，却把一场球赛描绘得淋漓尽致，富于吸引力。,例文四:The range of a voltmeter may be extended by means of a series resistor called a multiplier as shown in Fig.2.The full-scale reading of the meter alone may be 15volts.With the multiplier 250volts may be required to move the pointer to full-scale,135 volts across the multiplier and 15volts across the meter.,从上述的一段科技文章，不难看出其文体与修辞手段与前面列举的文艺小说，新闻报道等迥然不同。科技文体崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，少有变化，常用前置性陈述，即在句中将主要信息尽量前置，通过主语传递主要信息。科技文章文体的特点是：清晰、准确、精练、严密。那末，科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理，这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。,现对科技文体分述如下：(一)大量使用名词化结构当代英语语法（A Grammar of Contemporary）在论述科技英语时提出，大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。而非某一行为。,（二）广泛使用被动语句根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态。,例如：Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine.你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外，如前所述，科技文章将主要信息前置，放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。,（三）非限定动词如前所述，科技文章要求行文简练，结构紧凑，为此，往往使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句；使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句；使用不定式短语代替各种从句；介词十动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句。这样可缩短句子，又比较醒目。试比较下列各组句子。1.A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction.2.Radiating from the earth,heat causes air currents to rise.,（四）后置定语大量使用后置定语也是科技文章的特点之一。常见的结构不以下五种：1、介词短语 The forces due to friction are called frictional forces.A call for paper is now being issued.2、形容词及形容词短语。In this factory the only fuel available is coal.In radiation,thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy,similar in nature to light.,3、副词 The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.4、单个分词，但仍保持校强的动词意义。The heat produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted.5、定语从句 During construction,problems often arise which require design changes.,（五）常用句型科技文章中经常使用若干特定的句型，从而形成科技文体区别于其他文体的标志。例如It-that-结构句型；被动态结构句型；结构句型，分词短语结构句型，省略句结构句型等。举例如下：It is evident that a well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a dry one.The switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened three times.Ice keeps the same temperature while melting.,（六）长句为了表述一个复杂概念，使之逻辑严密，结构紧凑，科技文章中往往出现许多长句。有的长句多达七八个词，以下即是一例。The efforts that have been made to explain optical phenomena by means of the hypothesis of a medium having the same physical character as an elastic solid body led,in the first instance,to the understanding of a concrete example of a medium which can transmit transverse vibrations,and at a later stage to the definite conclusion that there is no luminiferous medium having the physical character assumed in the hypothesis.,（七）复合词与缩略词大量使用复合词与缩略词是科技文章的特点之一，复合词从过去的双词组合发展到多词组合；缩略词趋向于任意构词，例如某一篇论文的作者可以就仅在该文中使用的术语组成缩略词，这给翻译工作带来一定的困难。例如：,full-enclosed 全封闭的（双词合成形容词）feed-back反馈（双词合成名词）work-harden 加工硬化（双词合成词）criss-cross交叉着（双词合成副词）on-and-off-the-road路面越野两用的（多词合成形容词）anti-armoured-fighting-vehicle-missile反装甲车导弹（多词合成名词）radiophotography无线电传真（无连字符复合词）colorimeter色度计（无连字符复合词）maths(mathematics)数学（裁减式缩略词）cpd(compound)化合物 FM(frequency modulation)调频（用首字母组成的缩略词）,14.2 科技翻译中的逻辑判断科技翻译不仅仅是个语言问题（词汇、语法、修辞等），它是牵涉到许多非语言方面的因素。逻辑便是其中最活跃、最重要的因素。苏联语言学家巴尔胡达罗夫曾举过这样一个例子：John is in the pen,任何人也不会把句中的pen译为笔，而只能译为“牲口圈”，因为“人在钢笔里”是不合事理的。这说明在翻译中常常会碰到需要运用逻辑来判断和解决一些似乎不合逻辑的语言现象，这里说的逻辑判断，主要是指对原文语言思维逻辑的判断和译文的技术逻辑的判断。,一、判断中的相关概念搭配不当 判断可以看作是表达概念间的关系的。判断所表达的概念之间的关系必须是符合客观事物之间的真实关系，否则就会导致判断错误或判断不等。例：The subject of computers,which also began its development at that time,began to grow and become a separate subject itself.,二、判断反映的思想自相矛盾 例如：True eccentrics never deliberately set out to draw attention to themselves.They disregard social conventions without being conscious that they are doing anything extraordinary.This invariably wins them love and respect of others,三、判断不严密 如果一个判断有明显的不严密之处，那么这往往是由于译者误解原文所致，请看下面的句子及其译文。例如：Some other factors which may influence reasoning are(a)faulty analogizing,(b)the inhibiting effect on further research of concepts which have been widely accepted as satisfactory,四、判断之间缺乏逻辑联系 前面我们用灾例探讨了某些成分由于句子本身的内容而不容许分译的情形，下面我们再用实例探讨一下它们由于上下文的逻辑联系而不容许分译的情形。例如：Before these metals in their natural state can be converted into useful forms to be of service to man,they must be separated from the other elements or substances with which they are combined.Chemists,who are well acquainted with the properties of metals,have been able to develop processes for separating metals from substances with which they are combined in nature,相关练习题1.As we crossed that high bridge,a kind of breathlessness gripped me.2.That system allows the user to see both the environment around them and the display.3.Dawn met him well along the road.4.October,1996 found the studying in England.5.A short,timid ring at the doorbell summoned her.6.His pursuit of science withdraws interest from external things.7.Nothing could surpass the trouble and confusion of his mind.8.A bold stroke would free the land from rapine and devastation.,9.The least alarm of their movement would bring the enemy upon them.10.Fortunately the dense fog had prevented the enemy from discovering that the lines were unoccupied.11.现在想起来，我还时常产生一种莫名的紧张感。12.过去20年来，我生活费中至少2/10是消耗在书上的。13.经济发展比较快的是1984年至1988年。14.你们无论做什么都不能阻止我对理想的追求。15.她听到远处有脚步声，就停了下来，把身子紧贴在墙上，侧着耳朵细听。,