《学成语与翻译》PPT课件.ppt

第五章 成语与翻译,一、英语成语汉译,例：He was in the seventh heaven last night.误译：1）他昨晚到七重天去了。（七重天宾馆？）2）他昨晚去极乐世界了。3）他昨晚见上帝去了。4）他昨晚升天了。5）他昨晚归西了。6）他昨晚见马克思去了。,in the seventh heaven：The children are in the seventh heaven with their new toys.,英语成语的翻译:,英语成语可分两类。一是平铺直叙的，：1）Knit ones brow 2）Last but least 3)Have pity on sb,另一类，有着相当明显的比喻意义，其中不少有着一定的历史或神话典故。这类成语中，有一部分因使用范围广、历史久，其字面意义和比喻意义都能为中国读者所接受。如：,1）Trojan horse 2）Tower of ivory 3）Sour grapes 4）Sphinxs riddle 5）The fifth column 6）A Judas kiss 7）Crocodile tears,另一部分，由于其文化背景的缘故，读者还不能通过它们的字面意义来理解它们的比喻意义。如：1）In a pigs whisper 2）Draw blood 3）Hang on sbs sleeve 4）Hang on sbs lips 5）To be full of beans 6）Get cold feet 7)Bury ones head in the sand,用相似的汉语成语来翻译英语成语。如：1）Burn the boat2）A bolt from the blue3）Six of one and half a doze of the other4）After ones own heart5）Ones hair stands on end6)Kill two birds with one stone,大多数英语成语是无法在汉语中找到比喻相同或相似的对等成语的。但英汉成语之间形异却意同的对等现象有许多。翻译时，我们也不妨有用这些对等成语。如：,1）Have an axe to grind2）Talk through ones hat3）To be as poor as Job4）Neither fish nor fowl5）Hole and corner 6）By the skin of ones teeth,翻译英语成语时很重要的一点：切莫望文生义。如：1）Pull sbs leg2）move heaven and earth3）childs play4）eat ones words5）dog-eat-dog,三、翻译中汉语四字格的使用,四字格有两大类，一类是汉语成语的四字格，另一类是普通词语四字格。总起来说，四字格有3大优点：从内容上讲，它言简意赅；从形式上讲，它整齐匀称；从语音上讲，它顺口悦耳。有不少成语原先并未采用四字格，但在其历史的发展过程中，通过由繁化简或由简化繁的途径，都朝四字格这一形式靠拢。由繁化简的汉语成语有：“人言可畏”，“集思广益”，“青出于蓝”。由简化繁的汉语成语有：“披荆斩棘”，“赴汤蹈火”，“短兵相接”,译文中四字格运用所要注意的4个问题。The mayor of Toledo said in 1932:”I have seen thousands of these defeated,discouraged,hopeless men and women,cringing and fawning as they come to ask for public id.It is a spectacle of national degradation.”托莱多市长在1932年说过：“我见到数千万遭受了挫折的、失去了信心和希望的男人和女人又奉承又乞怜地前来请示救济。这么一个情景给国家丢了脸。”,译文：托菜多市长在1932年说过：“这见到成千上万的山穷水尽、灰心绝望的男男女女前来请求救济。他们低声下气，苦苦哀求。此情此景，真是丢尽了美国的脸。”,To Henry Kissinger,for whose wise counsel and dedicated services far beyond the call of duty I shall always remain grateful.From his friend,Richard Nixon赠给享利基辛格：你总能献出英明的计策，用全部心血进行忘我的工作，积极承担份外的事务，我为此将永远感激你。你的朋友：理查德尼克松,下面译文更好：赠言享利基辛格善进良策 献身尔职逾于所司 永志不渝你的朋友：理查德尼克松,The girls were all smiles on hearing the good news.姑娘们听到这个好消息都满脸堆笑。Louisa:As you have come to my home,I feel greatly honored.路易莎（一位农家姑娘）：大驾光临，不胜荣幸！,翻译：1He was canny,openhanded,brisk,candid,and modest.2The Presidency has survived hard times and ordinary men before.3Daryman Cricks household of maids and men lived on comfortably,placidly even merrily.4In this place he would meet his end.5The trees at that season were very colorful-she had never seen this before.,6She was always hurried during the day and tired at night.7They hung the tree with shining necklaces,as if it were a holy saint with the power of curing evil and hearing prayers.8In leaving one world and coming to another she had lost both.9But in this country she could have forever white teeth and color in her hair.12There were many folks at the reception and much wine,food and music.13A direct attack,a positive leer,blatant ugliness to her face-these never touched her.14Men and women hurried by in long,shifting lines.,用四字格来口译:1）pregnant 2）sweet 3）slumbering 4）bluntly 5）capitulate 6）base(adj.)7）hurriedly8）someday）9）dreary10）repulsive,1）bargain2）mischievous3）cynical4）careless5）platitude6）senile 7）appropriate 8）boundless 9）listless 10)furious,1）have never met 2）extend in all directions 3）talk and laugh cheerfully 4）a world of difference 5）take a risk in desperation 6）disciples and followers 7）decline with all sorts of excuses 8）await with great anxiety 9）remarkably true to life,1）be shamed into ange 2）hate to see sb go 3）again and again 4）try to look happy when actually sad 5）as if awakening from a dream 6）walk off with sth.7）get instant results8）achieve what one wishes9）broad daylight 10）take on an entirely new look11）face danger fearlessly,五、谚语的翻译,英语谚语和汉语谚语都有这样的特点：比喻生动，寓意深刻，用词精炼，单句讲究韵律，双句讲究对仗，文体口语化，朗朗上口，便于记忆流传。英谚：1.Out of sight,out of mind.2.No mill,no meal.3.Easy come,easy go.4.Like father,like son.,汉谚：1.留得青山在，不怕没些烧。2.好鼓一打就响，好灯一拨就亮。3.一瓶子水不响，半瓶子水乱晃。4.学好千日不足，学坏一日有余。谚语是直译还是意译？,由于大多数谚语采用生动形象的比喻，只要不影响译文读者的理解，我们应尽可能地使用直译方法，把原文的内容、形式和精神都输入到译文中去，努力减少翻译中的损失。例如：英谚：1.Forbiden fruit is sweet.2.In the country of the blind the one-eyed man is king.3.If you run after two hares,you will catch neither.4、Half a loaf is better than no bread.,汉谚：1、明枪易躲，暗箭难防。It is easy to dodge a spear in the open,but hard to guard against an arrow shot from hiding.2、城门失火，殃及池鱼。A fire on the city wall brings disaster to the fish in t he moat.3、路遥知马力，日久见人心。As a long road tests a horses strength,so a long task proves a persons heart.4初生牛犊不怕虎。New-born calves make little of tigers.,两例意译。1、If you run after two hares,you will catch neither.同时干两事，全都干不好。2、Young people are fearless.初生牛犊不怕虎。这样的意译明显逊色于直译，失去原文中的活力。意译会帮助译文读者更好地理解原文。英谚：1、It is an ill wind that blows nobody good.2、Every man has a fool in his sleeve.3、when Greek meets Greek,then comes the tug of war.,汉谚：1、失之东隅，收之桑榆。What one loses on the swings one gets back on the roundabouts.(直译lose where the sun rises and gain where the sun sets。)2、塞翁失马，安知非福？A loss may turn out to be a gain.(When the old man on the frontier lost hism mare,who could have guessed it was a blessing in disguise?)3、庆父不死，鲁难未已。There will be always be trouble until the trouble-maker is removed.(Until Qing Fu is done away with,the crisis in the state of Lu will not be over.)4、此地无银三百两。A guilty person gives himself away by conspicuously protesting his innocence.(不宜直译成No 300 taels of silver buried here.。),套译译例：英谚：1.He that sows the wind will reap the whirlwind.2.Like begets like.3.Many straws may bind an elephant.4.When shepherds quarrel,the wolf has a winning game.,汉谚：1、一次被火烧，二次避火苗。A burnt child dreads the fire.直译:A burnt man always evades fire.2、半瓶醋，出事故。A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.直译：A little learning gives rise to accidents.3、少见多怪。Wonder is the daughter of ignorance直译：Seeing little is the cause of amazement.4、三思而后行。Look before you leap.直译：Think thrice and then do it.,谚语翻译要特别注意以下几点：,不要用充满民族色彩的谚语去套译原文。“Is Susan beautiful?”asked Mrs Taft.“She is anything but beautiful,“replied Mr Taft.“How could our silly John fall on love with such a girl?”Mrs Taft was surprised.“Why not?Beauty lies in the lovers eyes,as the saying goes,”Mr Taft answered with a gentle smile.,苏姗漂亮吗？”塔夫脱太太问道。“一点也不漂亮。”塔夫脱先生答道。塔夫脱太太感到惊讶：“我们的傻约翰怎么去爱上这样一个女子呢？”塔夫脱先生温和地笑道：“有啥大惊小怪的？俗语说得好：情人眼里出西施。”2、大伯笑呵呵地对我说：“我们北方人都喜欢睡炕，你也将就点吧。俗话说：入乡随俗嘛。”Uncle said to me smilingly,“We northerners like to sleep on our kangs.Youll have to put up with it.As the proverb goes,Do as the Romans do.”,建议改成Do as the local people do其次，谚语翻译要注意口语化。1、Waste not,want not.不浪费，不愁缺。（不要译成“俭以防匮。”）2、A good beginning makes a good ending.有了好的开头，才有好的结果。（不要译成“欲善其终必先善其始。”）,谚语翻译要注意语言的艺术性。,1、Men may meet but mountains never.山和山无法碰头，人人和总会相遇。2、Who has never tasted bitter,knows not what is sweet.不尝黄连苦，怎知蜂蜜甜。,六、惯用语的翻译,惯用语主要出现在群众的日常口语中，书面上出现小说、电影、电视、戏剧的人物对话里，也出现在比较口语化的议论文和散文中。由此可见，无论是口译，还是笔译，都要涉及到惯用语的翻译问题。首先，惯用语的直译。,例：1）连根拔tear up by the roots2）走后门get in by the back door3）捋虎须stroke a tigers whiskers4）走下坡路go downhill,5）一窝蜂a swarm of bees6）及时雨timely rain7）九牛二虎之力the strength of nine bulls and two tigers8）病急乱投医turn to any doctor one can find when critically ill有些除了直译以外，需要加译。例：1）卷铺盖pack up and quit2）饱眼福feast ones eyes on sth3）单打一concentrate on one thing only4）咬耳朵whisper in sbs ear5）扇阴风，点反火fan the winds of evil and spread the fires of turmoil其次，惯用语的意译。请看下面的误译。,例：1）门外汉a man outside the gate（建议改译成 the uninitiated/a layman）2）小广播a small broadcast station（建议意译成 spreading of hearsay information或套译bush telegraph）3）风凉话cold words（建议改译成irresponsible and sarcastic remarks）4）扣帽子put a cap on sb（建议改译成put a label on sb）5）寻短见look for a short view（应改译成commit suicide/take ones own life）,6）炒冷饭fry the cold rice（应改译成dish up the same old stuff）有些习惯用语带有很浓的中国文化色彩，有的含有中国历史典故或古代人名，有的涉及中国地名或宗教，若按照字面直译，会让英美读者感到十分费解。,例：1）赔了夫人又折兵give ones enemy a wife and lose ones soldiers as well（改译成suffer a double loss instead of making a gain）2）跑了和尚跑不了庙the monk may run away,but the temple cant run with him.（改译成A fugitive must belong to some place that can provide clues.）3）不到黄河心不死not stop until one reaches the Yellow River（改译成not stop until one reaches ones goal）4）说曹操曹操就到mention Cao Cao there he is（改译成英语习语talk of the devil and he will appear）,惯用语的套译：例：1）杀风景 be a wet blanket2）拍马屁lick sbs boots3）放空炮spout hot air/talk big4）绕圈子beat about the bush5）摆架子put on airs6）灌米汤butter sb up7）露马脚let the cat out of the bag8）戴高帽子lay it on thick,在上面的例子中，译文同原文在意义和语体上都是一致的。甚至有一部分惯用语能在英语习语里找到同比喻者一致的对等物。例：1）开绿灯give the green light2）泼冷水pour cold water on3）唱反调sing a different tune4）挖空心思rack ones brains5）试金石touchstone,惯用语英译时的翻译方法，直译多用于笔译，意译在口译中的比例更大，套译则在笔译和口译中都经常使用。翻译惯用语要特别注意的两个方面。一方面，在翻译时，我们要注意惯用语与四字成语在语体上的区别。一般说来，成语的语体比较正规，惯用语的语体比较口语化。因此，我们的英语译文也必须体现出语体上的这个差别，不能把惯用语译得过于书面气。,例：1）敲诈勒索（成语）blackmail and impose exactions upon 敲竹杠（惯用语）overcharge;fleece;soak2）趋炎附势（成语）hurry to the glorious and hang on to the influential 抱粗腿（惯用语）latch on to the rich and powerful3）一扫而空（成语）sweep clean at one attempt 连锅端（惯用语）get rid of the whole lot,另一方面，在翻译较口语化的英语原文时，我们可考虑在汉语译文里适当使用口语性强的惯用语，而不应该用文气十足的四字成语。请看下面3个实例。1 Hait has not got a mind of his own on any matter of importance;he just goes with the tide.2They didnt give him a raise,though he had licked his bosss boots for years.3”Now stop playing tricks,or Ill shoot you at once.”The big man threatened and raised his gun.,七、歇后语英译,普通歇后语用直译，例：1“咱们俩的事，一条绳拴着两蚂蚱，谁也跑不了！”We are like two grasshoppers tied to one cord:neither can get away.2这件事，除了他三儿子和几个经手的人以外，谁也不知道。他也不对任何人提起。哑马吃黄连，有苦说不出。No one knew of these transactions apart from his youngest son and the few people who had handled them,nor was he going to mention the mater to anyone else.He was like the dumb man eating the bitter herb:he had to suffer the bitterness of it in silence.,另有一些歇后语用套译。3“你可倒好！肉包子打狗，一去不回头啊！”Well,you certainly are a guy.A dog given a bone who doesnt come back for more.带有浓重的中国民族色彩，只能意译。下面就是这方面意译的实例。8穷棒子闹翻身，是八仙过海，各显其能。When we pass from the old society to the new,each of us shows his true worth.（含有中国古代神话）10等他们赶来增援时，已是“正月十五贴门神晚了半月啦”。But they were too late to a rescue.（含有中国风俗和佛教）,还有不少歇后语在后半截出现一语双关，表面意思是对前半截作解释说明，但其实际意思是表达整个上下文中完全不同的语义。请看下面意译实例：12可是谭招弟心中却想：骑着毛驴看书走着瞧吧，看究竟是啥原因。But Tan Zhaodi was still thinking to herself:”Lets wait and see what the reason for it turns out to be in the end.”13“对新药业，老实讲，我是擀面杖吹火-窍不通。”To be quite honest with you,I dont know the first thing about the modern drug business.,带有谐音词语的歇后语。它利用同音字或近音字相谐，由原来的意思引申出所需要的另一个意思。例如：“和尚撑伞无发（法）无天”、“空棺村出葬木（目）中无人”，等等。对这类歇后语，我们惟一的办法就是放弃前半截，只译出后半截的实际意思。实例:,15“我是想：咱们是孔夫子搬家，净是书（输），心里真有点点干哈的。”Only I feel bad when we lose every fight.16“我在店里呢，是灯草拐杖，做不得柱（主）的。”My position in the company doesnt permit me to make a decision individually.,八、俚语的翻译,俚语是口语词，有的带有粗俗性，有的带有方言性。俚语不但出现在口语中，而且也出现在许多口头文学中，如戏剧、电视、电影以及小说的对白中。一般说来，俚语可分3类，一类是委婉语，一类是赌咒语，一类是粗俗语。,委婉语“死”的翻译。例子。1）To go to sleep长眠2）To be no more没了，不在了3）To close ones eyes闭眼，合眼4）To lay down ones life献身5）To expire逝世6）To pass away去世，与世长辞7）To end ones day寿终8）To breathe ones last咽气，断气9）To go west归西天10)To pay the debt of nature了结尘缘,pregnant1）She is five months gone.2）To wear the apron high 3）To be in a delicate condition4）A lady-in-waiting,汉语中有不少关于怀孕的委婉语，如：有喜，怀喜，有身，身重，梦兰，身怀六甲，等等。这些委婉语虽然同英语里的在形象上并不一致，我们不妨可用它们来翻译。有一条英语委婉语倒和汉语的说法相似，那就是a mother-to-be（一个将要做母亲的人）。,厕所”lavatoryLatrine Ladies(Room),Bents Bathroom和toiletWC(water closet)Loodressing room，powder room（，lounge,washroom,“上厕所”May I please be excused?May I go to the bathroom please?,May I please leave the room?May I use the facilities?What is the geography of the house?I am going to do my business.或I am going to my private office.翻译，如：去洗个手，去方便一下，去解手，去办公，上一号，请稍等片刻，等等。,国名用作委婉语,the French disease梅毒French letter避孕套French lunar pill堕胎丸French novels/prints黄色小说/图片Dutch widow妓女Dutch act/cure自杀,Roman way/culture集体淫乱（group sex）Roman spring老年人的风流韵事Russian roulette俄国式轮盘赌-企图自杀Egyptian physical training埃及式体育锻炼-白天睡大觉Chinese white中国白-烈性海洛因Chinese red中国红-海,俚语中赌咒语的翻译。1）damnAIll be damned if I do.BGod damn you!(Damn you.)CDamn it!DDamn this work(rain).EGrammar be damned!,2）hell（原意为“地狱”、“阴间”）A Oh,hell!Ive missed the last rain.B No need to worry;to hell with all this.C Get the hell out of here.D What the hell do you want.E This is a hell of a place.,3）devil（愿意为“魔鬼”、“恶魔”）A You can go to the devil!B The devil take it.C What the devil do you expect me to say?D The devil he is honest.Ha!ha!What a devil of a name.,4）confound（愿意为“使混乱”）A Confound you!B Confound it.C What confounded weather.D Where is that confounded man?E A confounded idiot.F Ive been kept waiting a confounded long time.。,1）bloody（愿意为“血淋淋的”、“血糊糊的”）A You bloody fool!B He is a bloody character.C Its a bloody shame.Hes bloody drunk.,汉语里的几条常见的诅咒语也能在英语里找到对等的词语。例如：1）该死的！Damn you.2）见鬼去吧！To hell with you.3）不得好死！Hang you.4）你这个杀千刀！You be hanged.挨刀货！Blast you.,俚语的粗俗语的翻译,先看英语粗俗语中的常用词：（性交fuck），（性交screw），（鸡奸bugger）(鸡奸者sod)，（睾丸ball），（粪便crap），（粪便shit），（私生子bastard），等等。我们在翻译时必须采用意译。请看实例。,1)Oh,fuck!Ive lost the address.哦，见鬼！我把地址给丢了。2)Bugger me!Theres Mrs Smith-I thought she was on holiday.我的天哪！那不是史密斯太太吗？我以为她去度假了。3)Can I have a word with you?-Sod off.“我能和你说句话吗？”“滚开！”4)Balls to the lot of you.-Im going home.去你们的！我可要回家了。5)Who has fucked up the TV?谁他妈的把电视机搞坏了？6)Dont talk crap(shit).不要胡说八道！从中国文学作品中选出的实例及其英译。1）小妇养的！动了兵器了！Sons of bitches!They are using weapons now.2）他妈的，们有话就说吧！If you have something to say,say it,damn you.王八蛋们，怎么又在这儿碰上啦？You devils,so we meet again.,