沉埋隧道的工程对环境的影响.doc

土木工程专业英语课程考核论文系别：工程造价 班级：1118341 学号：111834110 姓名：付威 成绩： Buried tunnel project on the environment Abstract: a deeply buried tunnel far-reaching impact on the environment through the waterways with the sinking pipe related. Under the tunnel on the mainland in the region and the impact of surface water in the tunnel design and construction method of choice to play the most important role. In considering the impact of the recent construction of a problem is the need to trench excavation for the tunnel may appear to be contaminated soil. And transporting the excavated soil up to the specialized equipment in order to receive their storage place is a series of important new technologies and quality control measures for environmental problems. The most common is in any construction project will encounter environmental problems, namely, noise, dust and traffic congestion. In this paper, these issues and the current technology to address these issues and measures are discussed. Key words: tunnel environment Characteristics of a Buried deeply buried tunnel tunnel has two fundamental characteristics: (1) It is part of an underground structure of the site, to ensure that heavy traffic conditions, construction, and does not mean that this area is full use of The. Therefore, the construction space is very valuable. Will eventually be installed in the location of the river or canal bottom section of tunnel is very close in other areas to build manufacturing plants, ways, and this condition is unlikely in the field and reached the site. The advantages of planning and construction of pipe manufacture and the site will be ready to separate from the logistical advantages are obvious, there are extremely easy to implement effective quality control advantages.   Tunnel work site on the environmental impact is also considerably less than the construction of the tunnel fully all the circumstances at the scene; such as space requirements and construction of transport, these two issues is greatly easing.   Of course, a prerequisite for these benefits is a ready-made for pipe suitable site. It must meet the conditions for a series of environmental impact. In the Netherlands such as densely populated countries, to find a suitable site is not easy, but it is clear that once selected an available position, can be used repeatedly for quite a draw a crowd. Therefore, the overall plan for the tunnel construction is a common topic for discussion.   Both ends of the structure of a new underground tunnel link to the original structure to the existing underground, often in fact across the waters to replace an existing facility, such as ferry or bridge. It can also be a complement existing facilities in tunnels or bridges. Whether the decision to build a new tunnel the reason, its location will be in large part by the constraints of existing underground structure layout, and its construction design must also meet the existing transport only by the requirements of minimal interference. This means that the location in the tunnel area designers rarely have a choice, and thus have the position according to the established conditions and requirements to modify the tunnel design.   This situation mainly affects the approach roads connecting part of the tunnel itself. However, because the approach road through the water by the formation of sub-components, it may require new measures to control the approaches to the scope of the construction pit drainage impact.   Buried Tunnel approach roads are almost always located in the deposition zone, where the tunnel approach road down to the groundwater level below. At its completion, they are impervious structure, the surrounding water can not penetrate, there's just the nature of the environmental impact of a simple structure.   However, during construction, environmental issues will play an important role. To build from the structures, construction of foundation must be excavated until the water table following a number of meters deep, the traditional construction method requires the construction period in the continuous draining of the water. Unless further measures, or drainage will definitely lower the water level in the surrounding area, and will lead to a series of undesirable consequences. Subsidence will occur, based on the surrounding buildings and structures will be affected, and even deep pile foundation soil settlement will also be passed by the friction down to the pile on the extra load. Subsidence and elevation of the dam sinking, and agricultural drainage water will be affected.   May also result in a completely different nature of environmental problems: the construction area may be contaminated soil. In this case, the construction of the excavation pit special attention to requirements and, if possible, should be used, such as soil mixed with water and water transport by pipeline, special methods. There must also be able to accommodate an approved place of contaminated soil.   Number of measures must be taken to prevent the pumping of contaminated water caused by the rapid distribution of the soil to a large area on the ground.   Technically speaking, is always possible to eliminate the impact of these kinds. However, it is extremely complex and do take a lot of money and time, therefore, tend to look at present the greatest extent possible the construction of approach roads and tunnels in the water imported methods. Ideally, the empty pit in the construction of a drainage of water should be no impact on the approach roads and the surrounding groundwater single operation.   The obvious conclusion is that as far as possible the construction pit designed as part of the final product.   Approach a wall can be designed to image the wall of the dam impervious core in the form of a slurry wall, curtain or plastic sheet of steel sheet pile walls common. On the final form (steel sheet pile wall) (off panel through the use of heavy anchor piles and soil) to increase its retaining function, you can save valuable space and can be easily achieved in the water and impermeable floor connection.   Water under the concrete floor can be built. This approach has been developed to control the elevation and surface roughness, which completely drained to the approach road after finishing requires less work.   Another method is the use of impermeable plastic sheet, add water to the town of emphasis placed on the bottom and cover the pit slope. In the Netherlands, this approach not only for the tunnel approaches, and the groove for the public network segment.   Use large plastic sheet, to the soil to the water for the town re-placed by a major highway intersection in the play a long-term good results, it shows that this technology has been widely used. Soon, the Netherlands, the tunnel approach roads may be to show a lush green slope, thereby replacing the gray concrete vertical wall.   Approach can also be prefabricated elsewhere and in the form of installation of floating structures. This method only with trench excavation and dredging vessels do not have to drain. But not yet able to adequately address basic problems of buoyancy and appropriate design. Buried tunnel project on the environment   Pipe manufacturing approaches to the excavation of underground water and the discussion of the relationship between the way the majority can be used to produce the same pipe excavation of the temporary venues. Expensive solution to bring an unreasonable burden to the project. Moreover, the manufacture of pipe near the site have repeatedly flooded the open waters and open to the precast tunnel segments into the transportation to the dock at the other pipe section in order to make room. Rarely a large enough place for all of the pipe manufacturer.   In short, the choice of the location of manufacturing pipe dock not chosen as the location of the tunnel approach roads to be strictly determined by functional requirements, so choose the location of manufacturing pipe dock with the advantages of flexibility. Therefore, the manufacture of docks will be allowed to use the traditional water method, if the reasons listed above that do not allow the use of traditional water law, and the dock had to separate from the surrounding water, this places impermeable plastic plate because of its low cost to have obvious advantages.   Another does not affect the drainage around the water table is "pumping recharge Law" This law is the foundation of the water into the pump discharge and pump water through the filter of these tube wells to the water source recharge area. As long as the penetration rate is not too large and can be maintained roughly a constant, the row, when the closed-loop irrigation can be maintained. The new measures, now being expanded in the Netherlands approaches to the construction of a pit, but also because the foundation of the dock as the manufacture of pipe it to be expanded.   Construction of foundation trench trough structure deeply buried tunnel excavation method is dredging. In this paper, we only stress the importance of dredging requirements of foundation trench excavation method can achieve high accuracy, and this requires that the work will determine the most suitable type of device. Given the strict positioning tolerances, preferably dredging boat anchor or pile in positioning the dredging equipment. However, because they can not move freely, it could become an obstacle to shipping vessels.   If there is water in the dredging area, or the wave of the impact of dredging will become the base slot to carry water along the bottom or sediment accumulation over the place. If the foundation trench excavation in place pipe for long periods, it will soon form a deposition. In these circumstances, the base section of tank excavation and tunnel installation of the interval between the two processes must be as short as possible, and thus the arrangement of the two procedure are to be particularly accurate, you can use a special device to clean the base before the installation of pipe slot. In the Netherlands, this operation has been developed to be used in the East (Eastern Scheldt) anti-dam pier storm waves reach a very high precision installation.   Dredging stir up the river sediments, resulting in a certain time a certain area of the water turbidity. Eventually become a suspended fine particles of these substances will spread out and gradually settle down again. Although this process had limited impact on the environment, and harmless, but in a certain range or the increasingly strong criticism.   If you want to have dredged soil is contaminated, it is even more complicated, because in such conditions, the dredging operation will cause the spread of contamination. Dredging technology has now developed to the drain by using a special mud head to eliminate this effect. Under the floating boat by hanging curtains from the dredging area will be completely separated from the surrounding method may also reduce the spread of pollution.   Further development in this regard we have taken note of the current, most waterways in the Netherlands contain contaminated bottom sediments have been very clear, so dredging the mud is bound to take some special environmental requirements.   Currently, these requirements have not been unified to form, but made different for each specific project requirements. Hope that this delay in the development of key technologies of the chaos can be quickly resolved.   According to the type and extent of contamination, contaminated soil can be divided into 1 to 4 classes. For dredging mud (including dredging process water in the process) and disposal are subject to strict restrictions by category; particular, 3 and 4 the soil must be isolated, and in possible to be purified.   In the Rotterdam area, has built a store of these solid waste and other hazardous substances the center of the dump site. In addition, Type 4 is placed in temporary dredging spoil heap smaller point, let it be purified and then transferred to another isolated place repository. Place in the absence of such facilities to be established by dredging this dump sites. This measure is a clear need to do a lot of work.   Transportation and installation of pipe work and dredging the shipping obstacles to transport and install pipe sections are brought about environmental problems. To open the pipe system and installation of marinas and docks to deepen the shallow waters between the points need to channel dredging operations. Some of the previous discussion about dredging also apply to this situation.   The installation procedures in a particular area may involve the end of the tunnel-based clean-up slot. To make clean-up and installation of the two processes reduce to a minimum interval of time, placed in the pipe to its final position before the bottom of the sand filling has been successfully used to shoot clean water law section of the base tunnel. With a powerful water jet to remove the last layer of the sediment washed into the suspension, followed by water flow away.   Left in the pipe manufacturing dock, anchored at the temporary terminal and leave the temporary pier, floating point and transported to the installation during installation are likely to hinder shipping. Only the last one caused by the shipping process will complete in the short term temporary interruption or partial interruption.   In this respect, a deeply buried tunnel across a river and there are differences across a canal. In the latter case, the absence of flow effects to make the sinking and installation of pipe can be better controlled. The advantage of this control to allow the use of more deeply buried sections of the tunnel tube pipe unit, but it must be large enough to create dock.   Therefore, in the Netherlands, in the past most deeply buried pipe unit length of the tunnel are varied between 100 150m, crossing the North Sea Canal between Amsterdam and the Trondheim area tunnel (Hemtunnel) project has also used the unit for up to 268m of pipe . Use a longer pipe unit reduces the number of installation, which will slow down the barriers to shipping.   Buried pipe for the tunnel project, it seems to impede the shipping for the environment as a problem, but not a major problem.   This process includes filling with sand filling pipe at the base, back to the filling tank, and, if necessary in the pipe at the top of the construction of a scour protection layer.   Backfill material must be uncontaminated. Ship in the tunnel construction work will interfere with the above shipping. However, by using a pipe installed in the tunnel were part of the operation of equipment, we can reduce such problems, for example, through the tunnel at the bottom of the holes by pumping sand and water mixture to backfilling. This system has bee