uasb接触氧化混凝沉淀工艺处理水果、蔬菜脱水废水.doc
UASB/接触氧化/混凝沉淀工艺处理水果、蔬菜脱水废水摘要：针对水果、蔬菜脱水废水的水质特点，采用UASB/接触氧化/混凝沉淀工艺，通过介绍调试中污泥的培养与驯化，分析运行中遇到的问题，提出了影响工艺调试的因素及相应的控制措施。实践表明：UASB/接触氧化/混凝沉淀工艺的出水水质达到了国家污水综合排放标准（GB89781996）中的级标准。 关键词：水果脱水废水 蔬菜脱水废水 USAB 接触氧化 混凝沉淀 Fruit and vegetable wastewater treated in the process of UASB, biocontact oxidation and coagulation.Abstract：Basing on the characteristics of fruit and vegetable dewatered wastewater, the process of UASB, biocontact oxidation and flocculation is adopted. By introducing the sludge cultivation and adjustment in the commissioning, and analyzing the problems during operation, factors which may affect process commissioning are raised, as well as the related control measure. Practice shows that effluent wastewater treated by UASB/ biocontact oxidation/flocculation process has been up to the grade of Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard of The Peoples Republic of China(GB89781996)Keywords：Fruit dewatered wastewater、Vegetable dewatered wastewater、UASB、Biocontact oxidation、Coagulation、一、概述某食品公司主要从事温带水果脱水和蔬菜脱水加工，两种产品的主要工艺流程为：水果加工：原料去皮、清洗蒸煮糖浸干燥 蔬菜加工：原料清洗挑选切割药剂处理干燥废水主要来源于清洗、蒸煮、糖浸等生产工序，以及地面和设备的冲刷、清洗用水。二、水质、水量设计水量：300m3/d，设计水质见表1。表1 设计进出水水质Tab.1 The quality of influent and effluent of device序号名称CODcr（mg/l）BOD5（mg/l）SS（mg/l）pH11进水60003500800452出水1503015069三、工艺流程及流程简述针对此废水有机物浓度高，可生化性较好的特点，选用以“UASB+生物接触氧化法”为主，絮凝沉淀为辅的处理工艺，UASB采用中温厌氧方式。1、工艺流程如图1所示。图1 工艺流程Fig.1 Flow chart treatment process2、工艺流程简述（1）水果脱水废水、蔬菜脱水废水经厂内管道自车间收集后流入污水处理场的明渠。经粗格栅（d=20mm），细格栅（d=3mm）拦截污物，自流进入中和调节池，在调节池内采用穿孔管曝气搅拌的方式，将投加入水的碱碳酸钠与废水充分混合搅拌，将水的pH值调为78；并在此池内进行均衡水质，调节水量。后用污水泵提升废水至UASB厌氧罐，废水经底部穿孔管配水系统分配后，废水以一定流速自下向上流动以及厌氧过程产生的大量沼气的搅拌作用，废水与污泥充分混合，有机质被吸附分解；所产沼气经由UASB上部三相分离器的集气室排出，含有悬浮污泥的废水进入三相分离器的沉降区，沉淀性能良好的污泥经沉降面返回反应器主体部分，含有少量较轻污泥的废水从反应器上部排出。UASB出水自流进入生物接触氧化池，生化后进入二沉池；再通过絮凝沉淀保证出水达标排放。（2）构筑物规格型号详见表2。表2 构筑物规格型号Tab.2 Specification of construction序号名称规格型号备注1中和调节池6.0×6.0×5.0HRT=10h2UASB厌氧罐：7.3m，H：9.5mVLR=5kgCODcr/m3.d3生物接触氧化池12×6.6×4.6Fw=0.9kgCODcr/m3.d4二沉池：4.1m，H：5.6m竖流式，上升流速v=0.45mm/s5污泥浓缩池：3.0m，H：5.0m重力式四、工艺调试1、 UASB厌氧调试（1）、调试过程UASB采用中温厌氧，通过应用换热器将进水温度加热到3538。调试之始为3月中旬，为加快调试进程，首先将市政污水厂脱水污泥10吨作为菌种进行接种，通过人孔将污泥投入UASB罐内，进一步培养驯化。因厂方生产的关系，调试时只有水果脱水废水，而此废水CODcr值较合同高，均值在700012000mg/l之间。将废水稀释至CODcr值小于5000mg/l，pH值调整为6.58.0，SO2浓度为100mg/l以下，进水至设计水位；后，一周内处于闷厌状态，每天只开启UASB内循环泵数小时。这中间，发现换热器不能将水温提升至所需温度，分析原因为换热器形式不合适，后将原板式换热器更换为湍流式换热器，才保证了水温。在使用板式换热器的20天之内，UASB内温度达不到30，效果较差，启动负荷采用0.5kgCOD/m3.d，即每天只能保持进水8小时，水量3m3/h。更换湍流式换热器后，水温升至3538，负荷采用0.8kgCOD/m3.d，进水一周有少量沼气逸出，COD去除率达50%左右。持续此负荷一个月左右，自UASB罐底部1.5m处取污泥样观察，SV30只有5%，而UASB出水中却有大量SS随水流出。开始疑为是启动阶段的正常絮状污泥洗出，污泥增长缓慢的原因，没有特别在意。这中间，为了提高污泥的凝聚性能，曾往进水中加入过粉状活性炭，但收效不大。随着3个月后进水负荷提高至3.5kgCOD/m3. d，厌氧污泥仍是处于较多的洗出状态，也未形成颗粒污泥的状态，COD去除率在5070%之间，达不到设计80%。在进水只有设计值的一半时尚且如此，就怀疑是外购的UASB设备三相分离器的设计是否合理问题。虽然经后续的生物接触氧化处理后，出水可以达标排放；但考虑到厌氧效果，提出了在UASB后增设一座沉淀池的方法，使厌氧污泥沉淀后再回流至UASB，保证污泥浓度。经后面的运行表明，UASB内污泥量逐步增多，1.5m处SV30在2532%之间，COD去除率在80%以上，镜检发现污泥开始颗粒化。在调试期间，曾发生两次酸罐现象，原因为厂家更换中和剂，采用氢氧化钠作为中和剂，指使罐内废水不具备缓冲能力，稍微调整不好进水pH值就危险，幸好发现及时，避免了更大损失。厌氧控制指标为：碱度（以CaCO3计）20003000mg/l；VFA400mg/l；pH值为6.87.5。此工程规模较小，产生的沼气较少，并且厂内无锅炉，经水封后高空排放。若有锅炉，可将沼气收集，经水封、阻火罐后通入锅炉燃烧，可节约部分燃煤。（2）其它原因分析因水果保鲜药水中应用了焦亚硫酸钠（Na2S2O7），在酸性条件下，为SO2；药水中Ca2+的浓度40005000mg/l，SO2浓度为4000mg/l，pH：3.54.0，水量：4.0吨。调试时水果脱水废水只有150m3/d，药水混入后，Ca2+的浓度130mg/l，SO2浓度为104mg/l。但在实际调试过程中，因废水量常达不到150m3/d，所以进水Ca2+的浓度250mg/l左右，SO2浓度为200mg/l左右。SO2对厌氧微生物有明显的抑制作用，控制不利时，就抑制了厌氧过程，使调试进程减慢。2、好氧调试 UASB出水自流进入生物接触氧化池，随着UASB调试的开始，好氧调试也一起进行。将鼓风机调整为自控状态，控制池内溶解氧为24mg/l，因该废水可生化性很好且有机物浓度较高，所以勿需投菌，对此废水采取直接曝气的方式培养污泥。虽气温不高，但厌氧出水温度较高，故污泥培养比较有利。两个月的时间，好氧生物膜就生长良好。在UASB达不到去除效率的情况下，可以保证出水达标排放。3、污染物去除效率分析详见表3。表3 污染物去除效率分析表Tab.3 Analysis of contamination removal efficiency序号项目CODcr（mg/l）BOD5（mg/l）1原水700012000408069602UASB出水140018006126963二沉池出水14022025284混凝沉淀池出水8413225285标准值15030 五、结语1、水果脱水废水pH值呈酸性，并易发生酸化现象，中和碱最好用Na2CO3，可形成缓冲溶液，抗冲击负荷能力强，有利于保护UASB系统，可有效避免酸罐现象。2、 UASB调试启动阶段，应控制进水CODcr值小于5000mg/l， SO2含量小于100mg/l，否则会抑制甲烷菌的生长。随着厌氧污泥量的增长及厌氧污泥的逐步颗粒化，工程实践证实，当废水中SO2含量为200mg/l也不会对产甲烷菌发生抑制作用。3、该工艺处理此类废水具有污泥产量少，处理效率高，运行费用低，占地面积小等优点。注：VLR指容积负荷（Volume Loading Rate）参考文献：1 贺延龄废水的厌氧生物处理M北京：中国轻工业出版社，19992张自杰环境污染手册水污染防治卷M北京：高等教育出版社，19963卜秋平，陆少鸣，曾科城市污水处理厂的建设与管理M北京：化学工业出版社，2002</Porganization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) the manual work of the Communist Youth League Organization published < > and < > League branch of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the city's organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and group (total) using branch ratio shall not be less than 70%.Three, to further strengthen the group's leadership and team building(a) to strengthen the league's leadership at all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of municipal Party Committee Organization Department "on the strengthening of the Communist Youth League cadres management opinions implementation. To promote the group counties (autonomous counties, cities) Commission and city directly under the group (workers) appointed to carry out the" Five "team building activities. Improve the League Association Department working mechanism. Conscientiously fulfill the duties of CO, combined with the city group directly under (the) Committee of the general election and the adjustment, actively jointly with the unit where the party organization department good group leadership selection with the work. Do a good job in municipal Party committee assistant committee leadership and leading cadres of the annual assessment work, adhere to and improve the assistant secretary of the Communist Youth League talk system group To weave individual conversation and collective conversation, to strengthen the committees of all levels, the Standing Committee of the Standing Committee, the establishment of a sound system of central group learning, the system of investigation and study, the system of important issues and the reporting system.(two) to strengthen the work of education and training of cadres to conscientiously implement the Central Committee. "On the implementation of grassroots cadres training project and opinions on carrying out the" mission municipal CYL Cadres training project implementation opinions, full implementation of the project of the City Youth League cadres training education. Focus on the county grassroots cadres and workers focused on training, the new school system vocational training League cadres, for the Municipal Organization Department jointly held the third session of the Communist Youth League system training cadres in party. Focusing on the construction of new socialist countryside, strengthening village cadres and rural construction team group member of the young team, the county organizations at various levels throughout the year is expected to train 100 00 rural grassroots cadres, plans to train 1000 village secretary of the village Party branch.(three) actively promote grassroots cadres election work. Under the unified leadership of the party organization, to strengthen grassroots organizations direct work, standardize the election work rules and procedures, in the designated candidate, open competition to democratically elected branch secretary at the same time, actively and steadily the development of Township, streets and other grassroots organizations in the direct election of the pilot work, on the basis of summarizing the experience and gradually expand the scope of the pilot, and gradually formed a set of measures and cadres election system.(four) to strengthen the cadres testing exercise. To study the development of <XX city from 2006 to 2008 cadres testing exercise planning. To select outstanding cadres to the central mission in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other central organs and sending work in developed areas. With the Central Committee the implementation of the western region and ethnic minorities cadres training plan "". To carry out the eighth batch of municipal organs attachment cadre management, selection, training work. The outstanding cadres to start the National Development Bank XX branch testing exercise.(five) to strengthen the group construction. The main position to play the role of Youth League cadre education and training as the city, in accordance with the requirements of post training, further curriculum scientifically and rationally, adopt "arrangement menu" course, basic theory includes group work, focus, hot and difficult issues, to enhance the content and practice; to strengthen the construction of teaching staff, the integration of teachers, establish a quality teacher training team, establish and implement course evaluation system; take delivery of training to the countryside, on-site training, and increase the rural grassroots cadres training efforts.Four, efforts to strengthen the work of young talent(a) to tenth XX young 54 medal in recognition of the publicity, and actively explore the XX youth service. 54 Medal of institutionalization, standardization and socialization mechanism. Give full play to the XX award in recognition of 54 youth medal Association, Youth Award winner in the 54 chapter, investigation activities. Who won the Youth Service medal, dedication to the society to create conditions, build the stage. During the 54, named in recognition of the tenth XX young 54 medal. The association of <XX editing of young talent ", the exchange of information and communication platform for the XX of outstanding young talents.(two) the establishment of municipal Party committee of young talent information database. In accordance with the "feasible, effective, classification management, implement step by step" principle, the establishment of municipal Party committee of youth talent database; guiding organizations at various levels generally established the young talent database, construction of city, county (directly under the Communist Youth League), grassroots organizations three young talent information database the relevant information collection system, and gradually establish the city's young people, the Communist Youth League youth talent information network, provide information platform for young talent resource development.Five, take effective measures to strengthen the mission management(a) to strengthen the mission management work. Strengthen the dues collection and management, continue to adhere to the dues collection regularly reporting system, the annual comprehensive award in recognition of the tour and the tour one vote veto system audit system. Do statistical work in the group. The group service award in recognition of the advanced units, standardization, promoting group management work institutionalized.(two) to strengthen the organization of research and information exchange efforts. Grassroots carry out research, efforts to form a number of theoretical results. Make full use of the network carrier, to explore the establishment of electronic group service system, promote the work of Communist Youth League information.Attachment 4:XX municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department of the Communist Youth League work pointsIn 2006, the Communist Youth League propaganda ideological work XX to Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of "Three Represents" as guidance, study and implement the party's sixteen and the spirit of the the fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee implementation of the eight plenary session of the two committee, the city's cultural work conference, the Propaganda Department of the meeting and the the fourth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee permanent mission spirit, closely around "11th Five-Year XX" the goal of full implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, keep pace with the times, close to reality, close to life, close to the young, persevere grasp orientation, grasping deepening, grasping construction innovation, further improve the group's propaganda and ideological work ability, unity To guide the majority of members of the youth to achieve the "11th Five-Year" planning tasks, the overall construction of a well-off society, building a socialist harmonious society to make new contributions.One, adhere to the "Three Represents" important thought and Scientific Outlook on Development education to guide the youth, to further strengthen the ideological and political education of youth(a) armed with youth science theory. Unremittingly with Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of "Three Represents" armed members of youth education, to promote the study and implement to expand the depth and breadth. To study and implement the important thought of "Three Represents" with the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development combine with the implementation of the requirements of constructing socialist harmonious society with Scientific Outlook on Development, carry out education as an important part of the theory of armed youth in the new period, strengthen the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development education, educate and guide the youth to fully understand the great significance of establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, in-depth understanding of the Scientific Outlook on Development era back The king, the practice foundation, basic connotation, historical status, spirit and practice requirements, a profound understanding of Scientific Outlook on Development with Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, inheriting and developing relationship between Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of "Three Represents", to help young people establish and consciously practice Scientific Outlook on Development. Persist in learning, grasping the backbone, grasp the practice, grasp the opportunity. Catch club, effective way to grasp the network, with the group of cadres, young students and young backbone fronts as the focus, to promote the work of the armed youth theory to develo
