世界经济教学资料4.tradeandinvestmentpolicies.ppt

Trade and Investment Policies,耶祥突聋篱甫颇雹糜慈故主秤悉一殆锦京杀董币渠龚碉海碉食嗜夫顺门抄世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Learning Objectives,To see how trade and investment policies have historically been a subset of domestic policiesTo examine how historical attitudes toward trade and investment policies are changingTo see how global links in trade and investment have made policymakers less able to focus solely on domestic issuesTo understand that nations must cooperate closely in the future to maintain a viable global trade and investment environment,使娃谤究峻垮腰刷葵橡导涵郭蚤命绍了近疚丫暑锣续谴愤醒确桌字困必亚世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Rationale and Goals of Trade and Investment Policies,National SovereigntyStandard of LivingQuality of LifeForeign Policy,界黄赦树堤肪沿季俱穷董安慢足茶户抓溅杀葡棒警册钠华炭啊勾瞳蛰迢夷世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Rationale and Goals of Trade and Investment Policies,Government policies are designed to regulate,direct,and protect national activities.The exercise of these policies is the result of national sovereignty,which provides a government with the right to shape the environment of the country and its citizens.The domestic policy actions of most governments aim to increase the standard of living of citizens and to improve the quality of life,and to achieve full employment.These policies affect international trade and investment indirectly.,番缄汗瞬旦谢悟佃仑蔓产昌鞋揭棍溪炳柱炬耽姥拂氟埋装番留级擦汁瞻值世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Rationale and Goals of Trade and Investment Policies(cont.),In more direct ways,a country may also pursue technology transfer from abroad or the exclusion of foreign industries to the benefit of domestic infant firms.Government officials can also develop regulations on imports to protect citizens.Nations institute foreign policy measures designed with domestic concerns in mind but explicitly aimed to exercise influence abroad.A major foreign policy goal is national security.,间洪硬冷滤圃萎像释纽娃十舒英稀掣泣忍提蛛翁庶疥瞒弄滤弱棉搏嘲寂账世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,The Price of Protectionism,Industry Total Costs toNumber ofCost perConsumersJobs SavedJob Saved(in$millions),Textiles and apparel$27,000640,000$42,000Carbon Steel6,8009,000$750,000Autos5,80055,000$105,000Dairy products5,50025,000$220,000Shipping3,00011,000$270,000Meat1,80011,000$160,000,窘诅爬洱溺缓邹恤蝴锣泡蛇铭镭庆门诺龋厢康胀镇鹊拭淮恿院凿士甲灾冷世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,The Effects of Tariffs,Increase Inflationary pressures.Special interests privileges.Government control and political considerations in economic matters.The number of tariffs they beget via reciprocity.Weaken Balance-of-payments positions.Supply-and-demand patterns.International understanding(they can start trade wars).Restrict Manufacturer supply sources.Choices available to consumers Competition.,呼烷酬匙歉艇惕焙互荒援鹿剪就快荒泊儒敏谎淳芜硼蚌护或海鞋牢虏鳞逢世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,The International Trade Organization,In 1948,the ITO represented an agreement among 53 countries to:Aid in international commercial policies,restrictive business practices,commodity agreements,employment and reconstruction,and economic development and international investment.It developed a constitution for a new United Nations agency.The ITO was never implemented.,致淄毒锨侮贺宽烫邮妨派触课件廓承待瘫已吸跪次隙唾巍箭琉阂胡脆半总世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,GATT started in 1947 as a set of rules to ensure nondiscrimination,transparent procedures,the settlement of disputes,and the participation of the lesser-developed countries in international trade.GATT used tariff concessions to limit the level of tariffs that would be imposed on other GATT members.The Most Favored Nation clause calls for each member country to grant every other member country the same treatment that it accords with any other country with respect to imports and exports.,绥缕丛让说侈节喊豌骨溪澈筒挣括炙疑希卫玫岿即拓奋所占曝淤什束茹仲世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,狠萧蟹壳福帮向女谆竿哆约瞥咀手柔走知薪惺叛秤匹徐视湛梦磷拖桔宇屋世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,The World Trade Organization,The WTO was introduced in 1995 and administers international trade and investment accords.In 2002,the Doha Round ended the first stage of implementation.The aim is to further hasten implementation of liberalization to help the impoverished and developing nations.,揽雪匀结藐哲敲绦空袁苫沸好揪植其问锤蜂臃腹雁祈琢巷箍攒爱戳言并碳世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,What WTO Means to Different Industries,Banks will be allowed to compete freely in South Korea and other places where they are restricted.Insurance companies will be able to sell policies in India,one of the Worlds most tightly closed markets.Movies will have better protection from Thai film counterfeiters.Pharmaceuticals will have better protection from Argentine imitators.Computer software makers will have better protection from Brazilians who rip off copyrighted programs.,Gainers,勾耶禾监梳悦料帐峻怒侄挟咙叼永恫旁寐竹淳恼实梯誊琅阀秘健夸碳教峡世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Glassware tariffs as high as 30 percent on inexpensive drinking glasses will be reduced,threatening some 40,000 jobs.Textiles will gradually lose quotas and tariffs that protect 1.1 million U.S.workers-and add 50 percent to wholesale prices of clothing.Peanuts will lose quotas that limit imports to a handful and that protect 19,000 American farmers.Dairy imports of foreign cheese,now limited to 19,000 tons a year,will go up,hurting 240,000 U.S.farmers.Sugar import ceilings,now 25 percent of the nine million tons the United States uses each year,will go,threatening 11,000 sugar beet and cane growers.,What WTO Means to Different Industries,Losers,腻氧柏醚拥绕瀑陵合料东铁竿侄淀爪卫听徐软赃饭佐岭圾帮凹镀绑嗽雀晶世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Many Japanese Products,like Toyotas,are produced or assembled in the U.S.,乖啥铀资盂窍允趾北盏席蓖毒著处忿滑鄙即责终掌踢弥匀氖及酣陌仓氓筋世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Who Builds the Boeing 777?,柳胳烙猪邯憾篙蜗哑扳喷经邀原道决脯珠逻赌裸反婴因恐桐鞭秽迁炙蕊束世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Changes in the Global Policy Environment,Three major changes have occurred over time in the global policy environment:a reduction of domestic policy influence;a weakening of traditional international institutions;and a sharpening of the conflict between industrialized and developing nations.,吐皑漱卑馆癸飘轨偿妥群又鸭纺蹄污备略彪钙耪夷朗词询局畅纪盟鼓修乱世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Reduction of Domestic Policy Influences,Currency flows have increased from an average daily trade volume of$18 billion in 1980 to$1.2 trillion in 2001.As a result,currency flows have begun to set the value of exchange rates independent of trade,which in turn have now begun to determine the level of trade.The interactions between global and domestic financial flows have severely limited the influence of governments.To regain influence,some governments have tried to restrict world trade by erecting barriers,charging tariffs,and implementing import regulations.,于锌酸渭牙播老灯风旁讲霹政沧彭球晨庙申委咖嚏焙昌拣甫傣枫瞅酷瘸危世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Weakening of International Institutions,The intense links among nations and the new economic environment resulting from new market entrants and the encounter of different economic systems are weakening the WTO.The International Monetary Fund does not have the funds available to satisfy the needs of all struggling nations.The World Bank has been unsuccessful in furthering the economic goals of the developing world and newly emerging market economies.Some claim that its bank policies have created more poverty.,筒蜘袄纹茁逗玛愚炸烩扔筒店烷咖挪坚榜键蛀踌茬亡辜宙斡豫来凌盏三镑世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Conflict Between Industrialized and Developing Nations,In the past,it was hoped that the gap between industrialized and developing nations would gradually be closed.Although several less-developed nations have emerged as newly industrialized countries,even more nations are facing grim economic futures.An increase in environmental awareness has led to a further sharpening of the conflict.,妖珠违晋淳软漫路攀休件缓浑勒辩惊檄早仗镊漓霖临褪笺税访锐题命砷月世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Policy Responses to Changing Conditions,Restrictions of ImportsTariffsQuotasNontariff BarriersVoluntary Restraint AgreementsAnti-Dumping LawsThe Effects of Import RestrictionsRestrictions of ExportsNational Security Controls,昭袄斥花贼剐漆燕颤嚎泊陨磨备衷卉缨慎乔举蕾辜传虎翌辙呢荤蓉啸圣疵世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Policy Responses to Changing Conditions,The Positive ImpactTechnology TransferThe Negative ImpactBrain DrainThe Home-Country PerspectiveRestrictions on InvestmentCapital Flight,勤上摈齿容蕴舟既危慨溶椿硝件墙置皿萄秒柞突彬暑淆黄慧庶旺昧坍泉簿世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Policy Responses to Changing Conditions,Export PromotionU.S.Export PromotionMixed Aid CreditsImport Promotion EffortsInvestment PoliciesCommittee for Foreign Investments in the United States(CFIUS)The Host-Country Perspective,苏支躁拯笔懒欠塞纯坛笨桃电碍仇杰稿冬唁残戮堑破竟顽焙礼幻阉寨戊哟世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Policy Responses to Changing Conditions,Investment PromotionFiscal IncentivesFinancial IncentivesNonfinancial IncentivesManagement of the Policy Relationship,抽打蚕磁撼弯拖皱胯靠效姑领浩削娃滥措晃贩奢按粗攘么微乐浚喷凉镐壤世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Restrictions of Imports,Many countries including the United States have passed antidumping laws which help domestic industries by restricting foreign products being sold below the cost of production,or at prices lower than those in the home market.Imports are also restricted by nontariff barriers,such as buy-domestic campaigns.It is difficult to remove these barriers.Imports can also be reduced by tightening market access and entry of foreign products through involved procedures and inspections.,篓荒堪瘤漂税玻候拂灾朵吼砖河铲傍贬停焊挚勿赂佣盅谜臣肖风阉炕增役世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Effects of Import Restriction,Import control may mean that the most efficient sources of supply are not available,resulting in second-best products or higher costs for restricted supplies.Import control may result in the downstream change in the composition of imports.Due to inefficiency,import controls may cause a lag in technological advancements.,电得欢区肿芯骸昼垫蔽义待宁疙意鲤纂串迟腹织蕉跪庙妮栋颐吻莎医标补世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Restrictions of Exports,Nations control their exports for reasons of short supply,national security and foreign policy purposes,or the desire to retain capital.National security controls are placed on weapons and high-technology exports.Although restriction of exports is a valuable international relations tool,it may give a countrys firms the reputation of being unreliable suppliers and may divert orders to firms of other nations.,尔缴屿室碾你眶诬呐即鸥鬃层镍枉共畅补钮遭棕扫姚版蓝陷买迢奏境绘腺世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Export Promotion,Export promotion is designed to help firms enter and maintain their position in international markets and to match or counteract similar efforts by other nations.Various approaches toward export promotion include:knowledge transferdirect or indirect subsidization of export activitiesreducing governmental red tape for exportersexport financing and mixed aid credits to exportersaltered tax legislation for nationals living abroad,评杉邢程论各撒微碎判地痛刊活隋扛靴难铃怎道娥呻绩至囊富蔓惹赃负捂世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Import Promotion,Countries that maintain large balance-of-trade surpluses use import promotion measures.The Japan External Trade Organization(JETRO)has begun to focus on the promotion of imports to Japan.,更痴糠曲眼眷吏曝殉伊阁痹钦寓泄蓑粕揉嚏虽握俗赃配芽校咳帕沼纂贾地世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Restrictions on Investment,Many nations that lack necessary foreign exchange reserves restrict exports of capital,because capital flight can be a major problem.Once governments impose restrictions on the export of funds,the desire to transfer capital abroad increases.This creates problems for gaining new outside investors.,障过乎营寞寝诽洒俺断吝卯踊桶务砍扩缮琳蛮零姆洋堤驭熏垒祷蔼除朵捷世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Investment Promotion,Fiscal Incentives,Financial Incentives,Nonfinancial Incentives,闻公胁檬偷叉捣虎岛广惫祥彰揽挛箱框滤嗓慑颇勘瞧店惜洋论刃翘端伟止世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Investment Promotion(cont.),Fiscal incentives are specific tax measures designed to attract the foreign investor,including special depreciation allowances,tax credits or rebates,special deductions for capital expenditures,tax holidays,and reduction of tax burdens.Financial incentives offer special funding for the investor by providing land or building,loans,and loan guarantees.Nonfinancial incentives can consist of guaranteed government purchases,special protection from competition,and investments in infrastructure facilities.,晾净勿惊梢缔亿吩馆牌肾硅蝴也也智拉凸瘪苞绥国名升悔腑芍梢池办妆甘世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,U.S.Perspective on Trade and Investment Policies,The U.S.seeks a positive trade policy rather than reactive,ad hoc responses to specific situations.Protectionist legislation can be helpful,provided it is not enacted into law.Trade promotion authority gives Congress the right to accept or reject treaties and agreements,but reduces the amendment procedures,棋规吟媚勺挑始唤俭怨猪巷牡短汛盅撵剧条绰答磨益译煎毛畸描秩罐韦派世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,International Perspective on Trade and Investment Policies,From an international perspective,trade and investment negotiations must continue.In doing so,trade and investment policy can take either a multilateral or bilateral approach:bilateral negotiations are carried out mainly between two nations.multilateral negotiations are carried out among a number of nations.,瘸抉杂巧卧惮煎骤久但甜拐节霞仕权花拎竣议郸芥崖炼镣寂邮惕朱沤图尉世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies世界经济教学资料 4.trade and investment policies,Specific Limitations on Trade:Quotas Import Licensing requirementsProportion restrictions of foreign to domestic goods(local content requirements)Minimum import price limitsEmbargoesCustoms and Administrative Entry Procedures:Valuation systemsAntidumping practicesTariff classificationsDocumentation requirementsFees,Types of Non-tariff Barriers,咋卸患坷媚诌南望吨巡兜否具套弥憋唬翔糯寨雏友陇禾舱蛋伦朵尹役庆银世