高三英语词汇复习策略--重点专题构词法归纳.doc

重点专题构词法归纳 1派生法（1）前缀 表示否定意义的前缀：a. 纯否定前缀：un-: unable, unemployment（失业）, unload（卸载）, uncover（揭开）, unhappy, untrue, unlike（不像）, unrest（不安的，动荡的）, unfair, unknown, unhealthy, unusual, uncertain, unclear（不清楚的）, unequal, unlucky, unreal, unkind, uncomfortable, uneasy（心情不安的）, uninteresting, unimportant, unnecessary, unpleasant, undivided, unreserved（无保留的）dis-: dislike（不喜欢）, disarm, disconnect, disagree, disappear, disadvantage, dishonest, disability, discover（发现）, disobeyin-, im-, il-, ir-: incapable, inability, incomplete, incorrect, inconvenient, inexpensive, impossible, immoral（不道德的）, illegal（非法的）, illogical（不合乎逻辑的）, irregular, irrelativenon-: non-smoker, non-stop, non-violent（非暴力的）, nonwhite, non-member, nonparty（无党派）, nonsense（无意义）b. 表示错误的意义：mis-: mistake, mislead（误导）, misunderstanding, misuse, mis-spell, mistrust, mistreatc. 表示“反、防、抗”的意义：anti-: antiknock（防震）, antiforeign（排外的）, anti-war, antitank（反战车的）, anti-pollution 表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀：a- 表示“在之上”，“向”：aboard, asidede- 表示“在下，向下”：decrease（下降）, degradeen- 表示“在内，进入”：encage（入笼）, enbed（上床）ex- 表示“外部，外”：exit, expand（扩张）, exportfore- 表示“在前面”：forehead, foreground, foreleg, forefootin-, im- 表示“向内，在内，背于”：inland, inside, indoor(s), importinter- 表示“在间，相互”：international, interaction, internet, interviewmid- 表示“中，中间”： midpositionout- 表示“在外部，在外”：outline, outside, outward(s), outdoor(s)over- 表示“在上面，在外部，向上”：overlook, overhead, overboard, overcoat, overdress, oversea(s)(海外)post- 表示“向后，在后边，次”：postscript（附言）pre- 表示“在前，在前面，提前”：prefix（前缀）, preface（前言）, preposition（介词）super- 表示“在.之上，超级”：superstructure, supernatural, superpower, supermantrans- 表示“移上，转上，在那一边”：translate, transform（转移）, transplant（移植）, transportation（交通）under- 表示“在.下面，下的”：underline, underground, underwater, undershirtup- 表示“向上，向上面，在上”：upward(s), uphold, uphill（上坡）auto- 表示“自己，独立，自动”：automobile（自动车）, autobiography（自传）tele- 表示“远离”：television, telephone , telegram（电报）, telegraph（电报，抽象名词）, telescope（望远镜） 表示时间，序列关系的前缀：fore- 表示“在前面，先前，前面”：foreword（前言）, forecast（预报）, foretell（预言）, foresee（预见）, foreknow（先知）, foreknowledge（先知）mid- 表示“中，中间”：midnight, midsummer, mid-day, mid-autumnpost- 表示“在后，后”：postwar, postgraduate（研究生）, postdatepre- 表示“在前，事先，预先”：preheat, prewar, prehistory（史前）, preview（预习）, prebattle, prepayre- 表示“再一次，重新”： retell（复述）, rewrite, renew（续借）, reconsider, reuse, remarry, recycle（回收利用）, rebuild 表示比较程度差别关系的前缀：by- 表示“副，次要的”：byproduct（副产品）, bywork（副业）extra- 表示“超越，额外”：extraordinaryover- 表示“超过，过度，太”：overeat（吃过多）, oversleep（睡过头）, overpraise（过奖）, overwork, overact（行为过分）, overdounder- 表示“低劣，低下”：undersize, undergrown, underproduction（生产不足）vice- 表示“副，次”：vice-president, vice -chairman 表示共同，相等意思的前缀：co- 表示“共同，一起”：coexist（共同生存）, co-operate, co-worker, coactions（合作行动）, coauthor（合作作者） 表示某种状态，构成形容词、副词或动词：a- afraid, alive, alone, asleep, ashamed, aloud, ahead, aside, alike, awake 表示分离，离开意思的前缀：a- 表示“分离，离开”：away, apartde- 表示“离去，处去”：depart, decolour 表示“自我”：self- self-protect(ion), self-made, self-knowledge 表示变换词类作用的前缀：be- befrienden- enslave, enable, enrich, enlarge, encourage 表示数量关系的前缀：a. 表示“单一”，“一”：uni- uniform（统一服装）, unicellular（单细胞）b. 表示“二，两，双”：bi- bicycletwi- twilightc. 表示“半，一半”：semi- semiconductor（半导体）, semicircle（半圆）, semimonthly（半月刊）, semifinal（半决赛）d. 表示“百，百分之一”： centi- centimetere. 表示“千，千分之一”：kilo- kilometer, kilogram, kilowattf. 表示“微小”：micro- microvolt（微伏特）, microcomputer（微机）, microscope（显微镜）g. 表示“许多，复，多数”：multi- multimedia（多媒体）, multicolored, multiform, multinaturalh. 表示“千分之一、毫”： milli- millimeter, milligrami. 表示“微小、微型”：mini- minibus, miniskirt, minipark（2）后缀 名词后缀：a. 具有某种职业或动作的人：-an, -ian, -ician 表示“地方的人，精通的人”：American, Asian, Australian, Russian, Italian , historian, librarian, electrician, magician（魔术师）, technician, musician, politician（政客）, physician（内科医生），-ant,-ent 表示“人”：merchant, servant, assistant, agent, student,-ee 表示“动作承受者”：employee（雇员）, examinee, payee（收款人）, interviewee-eer 表示“从事于人”：engineer, volunteer（志愿者）-er 表示“从事某种职业的人, 某地区，地方的人”：banker, observer, Londoner, villager singer, driver, writer, speaker, traveller, buyer -or 表示“者”：author, doctor, operator, actor, visitor, inventor, educator-ar, -ary 表示“的人, 从事的人”：scholar, liar, beggar, secretary, missionary-ese 表示“ 国人，地方的人”：Chinese, Japanese, Cantonese（广东人）-ess 表示“阴性人称名词”：actress（女演员）, hostess（女主人）, manageress（女经理）-ist 表示“从事研究者，信仰主义者”：pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist, socialist, typist, receptionist-icist 表示“家， 者, 能手”：physicist, phoneticist（语音学家）, technicist-logist 表示“学家，研究者”：biologist, geologist（地质学家）b. 构成具有抽象名词的含义：-age 表示“状态，行为，身份及其结果，总称”：courage, storage, marriage, percentage-al 表示“事物的动作，过程”：refusal, arrival, survival, denial, approval, trial, burial-ance, -ence 表示“性质，状况，行为，过程，总量，程度”：importance, distance, avoidance, appearance, performance, diligence, difference, obedience, absence, presence（出席）, existence-ancy, -ency 表示“性质，状态，行为，过程”：frequency（频繁）, urgency（紧急）, efficiency（高效率）,-ity 表示“性质，状态，程度”：purity, reality, equality-bility 表示“动作，性质，状态”：ability, possibility, probability, responsibility-dom 表示“等级，领域，状态”：freedom, kingdom, wisdom-ery, -ry 表示“行为，状态，习性，性质”：bravery, slavery-hood 表示“资格，身份, 年纪，状态”：childhood, girlhood, boyhood, manhood-ice 表示“行为，性质，状态”：notice, justice, service-ing 表示“动作的过程，结果”：building, writing, learning-ion, -ation, -ition, -sion 表示“行为的过程，结果，状况”：suggestion, action, solution, invention, direction, correction, collection, instruction, destruction, introduction, congratulation, dictation, invitation, pronunciation, examination, graduation, operation, education, information, translation, starvation, satisfaction, relation, irrigation, determination, preparation, imagination, explanation, opposition, competition, description, decision, division, conclusion, explosion, impression, expression, admission, permission, discussion-ment 表示“行为，状态，过程，手段及其结果”：disappointment, treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument, agreement, government, development, improvement, requirement, astonishment, encouragement-ness 表示“性质，状态，程度”：goodness, kindness, tiredness, friendliness, business, illness, happiness, goodness, willingness, weakness, fairness-ism 表示“制度，主义，学说，信仰，行为”：socialism, criticism, heroism, tourism, communism（共产主义） , Marxism（马克思主义）-ship 表示“情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，职业”：hardship, relationship, membership, friendship, seamanship, ownership, scholarship, professorship-th, 表示“动作，性质，过程，状态”：strength, length, width, depth, wealth, truth, growth, warmth, youth-ure 表示“行为，结果”：exposure（暴露）, pressure, failure, procedure(手续), mixture-craft 表示“工艺”：aircraft, needlecraft, woodcraftc. 带有场所，地方的含义：-age 表示“住所，地点”：village, cottage-ary 表示“住所，场地”：library, granary (谷仓)-ory 表示“工作场所，住处”：factory, dormitory, laboratory, observatory 形容词后缀：a. 带有“属性，倾向，相关”的含义：-able, -ible: movable, comfortable, eatable, enjoyable, acceptable, reasonable, applicable, visible, responsible, terrible, horrible-al: natural, additional, educational, national-ant, -ent: distant, important, excellent-ing（表示特征：令人觉得）: moving, touching, daring, interesting, exciting, disappointing , astonishing, boring, amazing-ed（表示情绪：觉得）: pleased, interested, surprised, worried, excited, bored, determined, delighted-ish: foolish, bookish, selfish-ive: active, impressive, decisive, active, instructive, expensive, progressiveb. 表示“相象，类似”的含义：-ish: boyish, childish-like: manlike, childlike-some: troublesome, handsome-y: milky, cloudy sunny, windy, rainy, foggy, healthy, wealthy, worthy, bloody, funny, dirty, lucky, noisy, salty, smelly, hilly-ly: manly, fatherly, motherly, sisterly, brotherly, daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly, friendly, lonely, orderly, lovely, lively, likely, scholarlyc. 表示“充分的”含义：-ful: beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful, successful, harmful, useful, careful, forgetful, merciful-ous: dangerous, courageous, nervous, mountainous, humorous, variousd. 表示由某种物质形成，制成或生产的含义：-en: wooden, golden, woolene. 表示方向的含义：-ern: eastern, western, southern, northern, southeastern, northwestern-ward: downward, forwardf. 表示“数量关系”的含义：-teen: thirteen-ty: fifty-th: fourth, fiftiethg. 表示国籍，语种，宗教的含义：-an: Roman, European-ese: Chinese, Japanese-ish: English, Spanishh. 表示否定：-less: countless, stainless（不锈的）, wireless, useless, endless, priceless（无价的，贵重的）, hopeless 动词后缀：-ize, ise 表示“做成，变成，化”：modernize（现代化）, democratize（民主化）, organize, apologize, realize-en 表示“使成为，引起，使有”：quicken, weaken, soften, harden-fy 表示“使化, 使成”：beautify, purify（净化）, intensify, signify, simplify（简化）, satisfy 副词后缀：-ly: possibly, swiftly, simply-ward(s): downward, inwards, upward-ways: always, sideways -wise: otherwise, clockwise注意：有的单词有双重后缀，如：use（用途）useless（无用的）uselessness（无用）self（自己）selfish（自私的）selfishness（自私）有的单词则是前后缀同时使用，如：importantimportanceunimportance regular（有规律的，有规则的）irregular（无规律的，不规则的）irregularity（无规律，不规则）2合成法（1）合成名词 boyfriend, girlfriend, bus-driver, necklace, playground, radioactive, headmaster, sunshine, notebook, armchair, wheelchair, postcard, football, spaceship, blackboard, firefighter, fireman, gateman, chairman, weatherman, businessman, armyman, postman, sportsman, bedroom, reading-room, classroom, newspaper, pickpocket（扒手）, she-goat（雌性山羊）, editor-in-chief（主编）, daybreak（破晓）, handshake（握手）, silkworm（蚕）, outbreak（爆发）（2）合成形容词名词+动词过去分词：man-made, homemade副词+动词过去分词：well-known, newly-built（新建的）形容词+名词ed：kind-hearted, cold-blooded数词+名词ed：five-storeyed（五层楼的）, four-legged（四条腿的）名词+动词现在分词：English-speaking, Chinese-speaking, brainwashing（洗脑的）由三个词构成的合成形容词：face-to-face, heart-to-heart, two-year-old, eight-metre-long其他合成形容词：everyday（日常的）, faraway（遥远的）, snow-white（雪白的）, lay-off（下岗的）3转化法（1）名词动词 hand（手传递）back（背部，后面支持，后退）charge（费用收费）copy（抄本，复印件抄写，复印）flood（洪水淹没）heat（热量加热）paint（油漆刷漆）phone（电话打电话）pin（别针装订）waste（废物浪费）face（脸面对）use（用途使用）interest（兴趣使兴趣）surprise（惊讶使惊讶）taste（味道品尝）smell（气味闻）break（短暂休息折断）present（礼物赠送）（2）形容词动词clean（干净使干净，打扫）clear（清楚清理）dirty（脏弄脏）dry（干燥烘干，晒干）empty（空的倒空）free（自由使自由，释放）slow（慢的放慢）warm（暖和使暖和）cool（凉的冷却）quiet（安静使安静）6地址：山西省太原市和平南路45号英语周报社网络中心电话：03516378335