《庄子》二则庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上.ppt

庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上,ho,濠水上的桥。濠，水名，在今安徽凤阳。,了解作者，感知作品背景 庄子是我国古代著名的哲学家，道家学派的代表人物之一。庄子生活在一个社会矛盾极其尖锐的时代，做过漆园吏。他不满现实，不与统治阶级合作，据传楚王曾以千金相邀为相，被其拒绝。与老子并称为道学之祖。庄子继承了老子“道法自然”的观点，认为“道”是无限的、“自本自根”“无所不在”的，强调事物的自生自灭，否认有神的主宰。惠施，宋国商丘人，战国时期著名的政治家、哲学家，名家思想的开山鼻祖和主要代表人物。惠施是合纵抗秦的最主要的组织人和支持者。他主张魏国、齐国和楚国联合起来对抗秦国，并建议齐、魏互尊为王。魏惠王在位时，惠施因为与张仪不和而被驱逐出魏国，他首先到楚国，后来回到家乡宋国，并在宋国国都商丘与老乡庄子成为朋友。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上。庄子曰：“鲦鱼出游从容，是鱼之乐也。”惠子曰：“子非鱼，安知鱼之乐？”庄子曰：“子非我，安知我不知鱼之乐？”,反问句：庄子避开正面回答惠子的问题，而采取反问的方法回答，以“非我”者“不知我”，推论“不知我”者不知“我知鱼”，据理力争，足见他的机智。,是：这,安：疑问代词，怎么，哪里。,庄子与惠施在濠水的桥上游玩。庄子说：“白鲦（tio）鱼(在河水中)游得悠闲自得，这是鱼的快乐啊。”惠施说：“你不是鱼，怎么知道鱼的快乐呢？”庄子说：“你不是我，怎么知道我不知道鱼的快乐呢？”,惠子曰：“我非子，固不知子矣；子固非鱼也，子之不知鱼之乐，全矣！”庄子曰：“请循其本。子曰汝安知鱼乐云者，既已知吾知之而问我，我知之濠上也。”,惠子采用逻辑推理，首先承认不是庄子，故不知道庄子，然后照此推理，庄子不是鱼，因此也不知鱼之乐。,全：完全，肯定（是这样）。,循其本：追溯话题本原。循，追溯。,云者：助词，用于句末，表停顿，以引出下文。,惠施说：“我不是你，固然不知道你；你本来就不是鱼，你不知道鱼的快乐，是可以肯定的了！”庄子说：“请从我们最初的话题说起。你说你哪儿知道鱼快乐等等，说明你已经知道我知道鱼的快乐而在问我。我是在濠水的桥上知道的。”,1.庄子坚持认为“出游从容”的鱼儿很快乐，表现了他怎样的心境？,庄子认为鱼“乐”，其实是他愉悦心境的投射与外化。他认为一切事物都是相对的，人的认识也是如此，他来到濠水之滨，“从容出游”感到快乐，于是见到“出游从容”的鱼也快乐。所以庄子说自己是到了濠水时才感到鱼的快乐，否则哪能见到鱼的快乐呢？,课文解读,3.在这场辩论中庄子是如何化解惠子的发难的？,庄子把“安知”，解释成“哪知道”或“怎知道”，而惠子本意是“怎么（能）知道”。庄子偷换概念，避重就轻，化解了发难，其机智灵活的形象跃然纸上。,4.这场“鱼之乐”的辩论体现了庄子和惠子二人各自怎样的思想？,庄子追求“天地与我并生，而万物与我为一”，和万物平等共生，与外界契合无间。短文中的“鱼之乐”，其实也就是他愉悦心境的投射和外化。惠子偏重于知识性的判断。论辩言语严密，逻辑性强，对事物的认知是持以寻根究底的态度，求实而缺乏美学意义上的欣赏。,结构梳理,惠子力辩、求真、拘泥,庄子巧辩、尚美、超然,万物与我为一,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上,北冥有鱼作者笔下的“鹏”是个什么样的形象。,主旨：任何事物的存在都要依附于一定的条件，它们的活动都是有所凭借的。鹏的形象:作者笔下的“鹏”是一个硕大无比、志向高远但又无法摆脱外力束缚的大鸟形象，它象征着渴望追求崇高的理想却无法挣脱现实束缚的庄子。,文中，作者极尽想象，描写了一个体积庞大、气势惊人的大鹏鸟。当鹏鸟振翅而飞，由北向南壮游南海时，其气势极大：“水击三千里，抟扶摇而上者九万里。”然而，虽然大鹏神奇不凡，也依然要凭借“海运”所带来的大风才可以飞到九万里的高空。它正如当时处于乱世的庄子，想要施展抱负却受到外力束缚，不得自由。,庄周肯定自己能知道鱼之乐，从认知规律上来说，庄子的逻辑推理纯属诡辩，但这种诡辩并不使人反感，因为庄子完全是以艺术心态去看待世界的，典型的“移情”作用，庄周是把自己的快乐移栽到鱼的情绪上，反过来更衬托出庄子的快乐。,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,李白一生常以大鹏自比，下面这首上李邕，是他写给当时德高望重的名士、北海太守李邕的。结合注释，并查阅工具书，说说诗人借助大鹏的形象表达了怎样的情感。,大鹏一日同风起，扶摇直上九万里。假令风歇时下来，犹能簸却沧溟水。世人见我恒殊调，见余大言皆冷笑。宣父犹能畏后生，丈夫未可轻年少。,宣父：指孔子。唐太宗贞观十一年（637）下诏尊称孔子为“宣父”。畏后生：语出论语子罕：“后生可畏，焉知来者之不如今也？”,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,参考答案：上李邕是唐代伟大诗人李白青年时期的作品。此诗通过对大鹏形象的刻画与颂扬，表达了李白的凌云壮志和强烈的入世之心，对李邕瞧不起年轻人的态度非常不满，表现了李白勇于追求而且自信、自负、不畏流俗的精神。年轻的李白敢于向大人物挑战，充满了初生牛犊不怕虎的锐气。,