复件初中语法专项复习.doc
英语语法专项复习学生:目 录1 名词 32 冠词 53 代词 74 介词 105 连词 126 数词 157 形容词 178 副词 199 动词的时态 2210 动词的语态2511 情态动词 2612非谓语动词 2813 简单句 3314 并列句 3515 复合句 3616 主谓一致 3917 倒装句部分 42语法专项复习语法复习专项复习(一):名词一、名词的分类名词的分类:名词按其意义可分为专有名词和普通名词,其中普通名词按其可数性又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。A. 可数名词可数名词一般有单数和复数两种形式。1、可数名词复数形式的规则变化(1)大多数可数名词在单数名词词尾加s。如:dog dogs, map maps(2) 以s, x, ch , sh 结尾的名词加es。 如:class classes, box boxes, church churches, dish dishes注意:stomach的复数形式为stomachs。(3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词, 变y为i,加-es。 如:city cities, country countries 以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词,直接加-s。如:boy boys, toy toys(4) 以o 结尾的名词多数直接加-es。如:hero heroes, tomato tomatoes, patato potatoes 但以“元音字母+o”结尾的名词,直接加-s, 如:zoo zoos, radio radios 注意:photo的复数为photos。(5)以f或fe结尾的名词,变f,fe为v,再加-es。 如:shelf shelves,knife knives 但也有特殊情况。如:roof roofs,chief chiefs2、可数名词复数形式的的不规则变化(1)变内部元音字母的名词。如:man men , tooth teeth , foot feet(2)单复数同行的名词。如:deer deer, Chinese Chinese, fish fish (fish表示于的种类时,复数形式为fishes)(3)在词尾加-(r)en。如:child children , ox oxen (4)有些复合名词变成复数时,只将复合名词的主体词变为复数。但当man, woman作定语时,前后两部分都要变成复数。如:boy student boy students, woman doctor women doctorsB、不可数名词不可数名词没有复数形式,也不能与不定冠词a, an连用。1、不可数名词表示数量, 如用含of的词组表示,其数的变化应表现在单位名词上。如:a piece of paper two pieces of paper 2、 常见的不可数名词advice 建议 news 新闻 water 水 furniture 家具 equipment 设备progress 进步 information 信息 luck 运气 bread 面包 glass 玻璃knowledge 知识 weather 天气 food 食物 work 工作 coffee 咖啡room 空间 air 空气 fun 乐趣 meat 肉 orange 橘子汁 broccoli 花椰菜二、名词所有格名词的所属关系称为名词所有格。1、s所有格的构成方法(1)一般情况下在名词后加s。如:Emmas bedroom(2) 以s结尾的复数名词,只加即可。如:Teachers Day, my parents wishes(3) 由and连接两个或多个名词表示共同所有时,只在最后一个名词后加s。 如果表示各自所有,应该在每个名词后面加s,这时所修饰的名词要用复数形式。如:Lucy and Lilys room (露西和莉莉共同的房间),Lucys and Lilys rooms (露西和莉莉各自的房间)2、of所有格名词表示无生命的东西时,其所有格形式一般用of加名词构成。如:a map of China3、名词的双重所有格“of+名词的所有格/名词性物主代词”称为名词的双重所有格。如:a friend of Li Mings, a photo of mine语法复习专项复习(二):冠词一、冠词的分类 冠词可分为:不定冠词a, an、定冠词the和零冠词。二、不定冠词a, an的用法 不定冠词a常用于辅音音素开头的词前;不定冠词an 常用于元音音素开头的词前。如: a pencil case, an apple1、 表数量,泛指同类事物中的“任何一个”,含有“一”的意思。如: I would like a cup of coffee and an egg.2、表一类人或物。此时的定冠词一般不译为“一”。如:A doctor is a person who saves peoples life.3、用在文中第一次提到的某人或某物。如:I have a dog.4、用在序数词前面表示“又一,再一”。如:The brave boy climbed a third time.5、与表示时间、速度或价格的名词连用。如:twice a day, at a speed of ,at a good price 6、不定冠词的习惯用法as a result, have a good time, once upon a time,二、定冠词the的语法1、叙述上文提到过的人或物。如:I have a watch. The watch is made in Japan.2、指世界上独一无二的事物。如:the sun, the moon, the earth3、用于序数词、表示方位的名词和形容词的最高级前。如:the first place, in the east, the best student 4、用于乐器名词前。如:play the piano5、用于表示姓氏的名词复数前,表示“一家人”或“夫妇”,谓语动词常用复数。如:The Greens are going to China for a holiday this summer.6、与形容词连用,表示某一类人。如:the poor, the sick7、用于专有名词前。如:the Great Wall, the WTO8、用于一些固定词组中。如:in the morning, in the end, by the way三、零冠词的情况1、在表示节日、星期、月份、季节、年等的词前一般不加冠词。如:on Childrens Day, on Sunday, in summer注意:in the summer of 2010(表示特指,故加the)2、 表示一日三餐或表示球类运动和棋类的名词与play连用时。如:have breakfast, play football, play chess3、 表示语言的名词前。如:I can speak English very well.4、 名词前面有指示代词和形容词性物主代词时,不再加冠词。如:May I know your name?5、 专有名词前面。如:He studied in Harvard University.6、 一些固定词组中,名词前用零冠词。如:go to bed, go to school, by bus, at night【特别提示】在有些词组中,有冠词和无冠词意思不同,请注意区别:in front of 在前面in the front of在范围内的前部语法复习专项复习(三):代词代词的定义及分类在句子中代替名词或相当于名词的词、词组、短语或句子的词称为代词。根据指代对象的不同,英语中的代词主要分为人称代词、物语代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词和关系代词等。代词的用法1、人称代词1)根据在句中所充当的成分,人犯法代词分为主格和宾格。主格在句中作主语、表语等成分;宾格作宾语等。人称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称he, she, ithim, her, ittheythem如:She is an |English teacher.Mrs Green teaches us English. 2) 人称代词并列时的次序单数的场合:第二人称、第三人称、第一人称复数的场合:第一人称、第二人称、第三人称如:You, he and I all like English.We, you and they are all music lovers. 如果是在承担责任或不利的情况下,说话者则把I (me)或we (us)放在第一位。2、物主代词1)物主代词与人称代词一样,有人称和单复数形式的变化。2)物主代词可分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。人称第一人称第二人称第三人称数单数复数单数复数单数复数形容词性物主代词myouryouryourhis, her, itstheir名词性物主代词mineoursyoursyourshis, hers, itstheirs 形容词性物主代词在句中只能充当定语,相当于一个形容词,后面跟名词或动词的-ing形式。如:Everybody must do his work well. 名词性物主代词在句中作主语、宾语、表语等,相当于一个名词。These rulers are not ours. They are theirs.3、反身代词1)表示“某人自己”的代词称为反身代词,有人称和数的变化。2) 反身代词在句中主要用作动词的宾语;放在主语或宾语后作同位语;放在系动词后作表语。如:The little boy could dress himself when he was very young.Emma herself closed the window.The girls in the picture are ourselves. 3)反身代词的固定搭配有:by oneself, dress oneself, help oneself to sth., teach oneself等。4、指示代词1)常用的指示代词有单数形式的this, that;复数形式的these, those。2) that, those常常用来代替已提到的名词,以避免重复。如:The weather in Wuhan is warmer than that in Beijing.The days in summer are longer than those in winter. 5、疑问代词1)用来构成特殊疑问句的代词叫疑问代词。如:What did you see just now?2) 常见的疑问代词有:what, which, who, whom, whose等。其中,what 一般指物,表“什么”的意思,也可以用来询问人的职业、年龄、姓名,句型what do/does + 主语+ look like? 用来询问长相;who, whom, whose均指人,who在句中可作主语、宾语,whom在句中只作宾语,whose在句中只用定语;在明确的、已知范围内做出选择要用which,意为“哪一个”,既可指人也可指物,可作主语、宾语、定语。如:What is your mother?What does Mary look like?Whose bike is it?Which sport do you like better, basketball or football?6、不定代词1) 不明确指代某个(些)人、某个(些)事物的代词叫不定代词。常见的不定代词有:other, another, either, some, any, none, no, neither, all, both, 以及由every, some, any, no构成的复合不定代词等。2)some及some- 类的复合不定代词一般用于肯定句中;any及 any- 类的复合不定代词一般用于否定句疑问句中;no, nothing, nobody表示否定意义。如:There are some apples in the basket.Is there anything else you want me to do?当形容词修饰复合不定代词时,一般位于不定代词的后面。如:There is something wrong with my eyes.3)one指代人或物,如果所指代的人或物是复数的话,就用ones来表达。如:I like red roses better than white ones.4)no one, nobody与none都表示否定,none后常跟of短语, no one 和nobody则不能;none和no one既可以指人,也可以指,nobody只能指人。如;No one (nobody) of them believed his story. ()None of them believed his story. ()5) both, either, neither这三个词都含有“两个”的意思。Both表示“两者都”;either表示“两个中的任何一个;neither表示“两者都不”。它们可与of 搭配使用。如:Both of her sons are doctors.Either of them is an English teacher.Neither of my parents allows me to be a worker. 6) all 表示“所有的”,在句中的位置比较灵活:常位于be动词之后,实义动词之前。如:They are all Americans.We all love our English teacher.7)many和much 都表示“多”的意思,前者指代或修饰可数名词的复数形式,后者指代或修饰不可数名词。如:Many of the girls like pink.He has already finished much of his homework.8)few和a few指代或修饰复数可数名词;little 和a little指代或修饰不可数名词;a few和a little表示肯定意义,意思是“有一些”; few 和little表示否定意义,意思是“几乎没有”。 如:It is raining, but I still see a few people in the street. He is full. He has very little food.Can you speak English?Yes, but a little.9) other, the other, others, the others 和 another都有“其它”的意思。other 不能单独使用,常用来修饰复数可数名词;the other指两个个或双方中的另一个(方);others相当于 “other+复数名词”,泛指其它一些人或物,常与some连用,构成someothers的结构;the others表示同类中剩余的全部;another强调同类中的“另一个、又一个”。如:I have two backpacks. One is red, the other is blue.There are thirty students in our class. Twenty of them came to the zoo, and the others visited the park.I dont like this hat. Please show me another.7、关系代词关系代词主要用来引导定语从句。初中阶段所学的关系代词有:that,which,who, whom等。语法复习专项复习(四):介词介词的功能介词是虚词,不能单独作句子的成分。介词可以用来表示时间、空间、方位、手段等含义。常见的介词的用法1、表示空间位置的介词above, over, on和below, underabove指“在上|”,反义词为below.over指的是位于物体正上方,反义词为under. on意为“在上面”,强调与物体之间接触。如:Be careful! There is a heavy box over your head.There are some books on the table.Between 和amongbetween主要指“在(两者)之间”,among强调的是“在.(三者以上)之间”。如:The lake lies between these two villages.The town lies among the mountains. across 和throughacross主要指“(从某物的表面上)通过”through主要指“(从某物的空间内)穿过”。如;Be careful when you go across the road.I would go through the forest to play when I was young.2、表示时间的介词at, on 和inat 用在具体的钟点之前,on与星期、具体的日期以及某天的上/下午、晚上等连用;in与年、月、季节以及单纯的上/下午、晚上等连用。如:We visited the China Pavilion on National Day. I usually read English at six in the morning.in和after这两个词与时间状语连都表示“在一段时间以后”;in常与一般将来时连用;after常与一般过去时连用。另外,after还可跟一时间点,而in 则不可。如:Do you think what it will be like in twenty years?After seven days, I found a job in a bank.from, for和sinceform一般只强调时间从何开始,如果时间持续到某个时间,要与介词to连用;for后面要跟表示段时间的名词, since意思是“自以来”,表示时间起点。如:I was doing my homework from six to eight.The man has worked on the farm for ten years.3、表示手段、方式的介词by, on, in和with这四个词与“用”或“乘”有关。by后直接跟交通工具;on常搭配的短语有on the bus, on the bike等;in后跟语言;with后跟人体器官或某一具体的工具。如:I usually go to school by bike.We often speak to each other in English.We often speak to each other in English. 4、表示“除了的介词 Besides和exceptbesides指它的宾语被包括在句子中所表述的事情范围之内;except则表示后面的宾语不包括在内。如;All the students visited the park besides Tom.Everyone comes here except Mary. 语法复习专项复习(五):连词连词是一种虚词,不能独立担任句子成分,只起连接词与词、短语与短语以及句子与句子的的作用。连词主要分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。并列连词这类连词连接互不依从的词、短语或句子。可分为下面几类:1. 表示对等关系的并列连词。常用的该类连词有:and,or,bothand,not onlybut also,as well as,neithernor。如:They are singing and dancing in the classroom.My father never smokes or drinks.Not only you but also she has to clean the classroom.Jack as well as his sisters likes to play the piano.注意:1) 比较and和or并列结构中,and通常用于肯定句,or通常用于否定句。and有时也用于否定句。如:There is no air or water on the moon. =There is no air and no water on the moon.2) not onlybut also和neithernor连接两个主语时,谓语动词应当与but also 和nor后面的主语在人称和数上保持一致。3)as well as连接两个主语时,谓语动词应当与它前面的主语在人称和数上保持一致。2. 表示选择关系的并列连词。常用的该类连词有:or,otherwise,eitheror。如:Dont ride so fast or youll get hurt.Either he or I am going to the movie.注意:eitheror连接两个主语时,谓语动词应当与or后面的主语在人称和数上保持一致。3. 表示转折和对比关系的并列连词。常用的该类连词有:but,while,yet,on the other hand。如:She hasnt got a computer,but her brother has.It will be sunny but cold.Some people love pets, while others hate them.These apples dont look nice, yet lots of people buy them.注意:比较but和while1) but表示前后两个事实意义转折或相反;while强调对比性的关系。2) but可以连接连个并列的词语;while往往连接内容和结构对称的句子。4. 表示因果关系的并列连词。常用的该类连词有:for,so。如:The days are short,for it is November now.I felt very tired so I went to bed early.注意:1) for 引导的分句用来补充说明理由或为前面的内容提供推断的依据,只能放在句中,常用逗号与前面的分句分开。2) so与because不能同时出现使用。从属连词这里连词都引到状语从句。根据从句作用的不同,可分为下面几类:1. 引导时间状语从句的从属连词。该类连词主要有:when,while,as,before,after,until,since。如:Dont be nervous when you talk.The boy left the classroom before the teacher came in.How long is it since you moved to Beijing?2. 引导地点状语从句的从属连词。该类连词主要有:where,wherever。如:Please stay where you are.Ill be thinking of you wherever you are.3. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词。该类连词主要有:if,unless。如:If(it is)necessary,call me at once.Youll fail the test unless you work harder.4. 引导目的状语从句的从属连词。该类连词主要有:so,so that,in order that。如:Give her a map so she wont get lost.Read loudly so that we can hear you clearly.5. 引导原因状语从句从属连词。该类连词主要有:as,because,since。如:She isnt going with us because she has a bad headache。Since you are so busy, I have to go there alone.6. 引导比较状语从句从属连词。该类连词主要有:as,than。如:She doesnt study as hard as her brother.My sister dances better than I.7. 引导方式状语从句从属连词。该类连词主要有: as,as if,as though。如:The little boy does as his father tells him.She remembers the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.8. 引导结果状语从句从属连词。该类连词主要有:so,so that,sothat,suchthat。如:The man is so tall that he cant get into the car.It was such a cold day that all of us stayed at home.注意:比较so和such so在此是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词;such后跟名词或名词短语。9. 引导结果状语从句从属连词。该类连词主要有:although,though。如:Although everyone tried his best, we lost the match.语法复习专项复习(六):数词数次可分为基数词和序数词。表示数目或数量多少的词叫基数词;表示数目顺序的词叫序数词。基数词1. 基数词的构成1) 基数词112为:one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve。2) 基数词1219一般都是在相应的表示“几”的基数词后加-teen,但thirteen,fifteen,eighteen略有不同。3) 基数词2090中表示整十位的词,一般都是在相应的表示“几”的基数词后加-ty, 但twenty,thirty,forty,fifth,eighty略有不同。4) 表示“几十几”时,十位数与个位数之间要用“-”连接如85 eighty-five,26 twenty-six。5) 百位数的基数词需要在百位和十位(若无十位,则和个位)之间用and连接如:365 three hundred and sixty-five,206 two hundred and six。6)千位数以上的基数词,从后向前数,每三位数加一个逗号。第一个逗号前的数字前加thousand,第二个逗号前的数字加million,第三个逗号前的数字加billion。如:14,300,356,200fourteen billion, three hundred million,three hundred and fifth-six thousand,two hundred2. 基数词的用法1) 有些基数词的复数形式可用在in ones结构中,表示“在某人来岁时”。如:in his twenties在他20来岁时2) 当基数词hundred,thousand,million,billion等有具体数词修饰时,必须用单数形式但当它们表示不确切的数字时,应用复数形式,且其后要加of。如:two thousand students 两千个学生,thousands of people数千人3) 基数词也可以表示顺序。只需将基数词放在它所修饰的名词之后即可,不需加定冠词。如:Lesson One,Page Five,Room 106序数词1. 序数词的构成1) 多位数的基数词变成序数词时,只需将末位基数词变成序数词,前面的基数词不变。如:forty-two forty-second,nine-hundred nine-hundredth当序数词用阿拉伯数字表示时,必须在数字后加上序数词的最后两个字母。如:21st, 32nd2. 序数词的用法1) 序数词在使用时,前面一般要加定冠词the。如:We live on the fifth floor.2) 序数词可与a或an连用,表示:“又一;再一”。如:Though he failed, he wants to try a second time.尽管失败了,但他还想再试一次。3) 序数词可表示日期。如:March 8th分数词和百分数1. 分数词分数词由基数词和序数词构成。基数词做分子,序数词做分母。分子大于1时,分母用序数词的复数形式。如:one fifth,two thirds2. 百分数百分数用“基数词+percent”表示。如:forty percent注意:percent不用复数形式3. 分数词、百分数与主谓一致分数词、百分数的考查往往和主谓一致相联系。当分数词、百分数修饰可数名词的复数形式时,谓语动词要用复数形式;当分数词、百分数修饰不可数名词时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如:Three fourths of the students in my class are interested in English.Eighty percent of the students in our school come from Henan.Two thirds of the water on the earth is sea water.语法专项复习(七):形容词形容词的功能及位置形容词在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语。一、作定语1、形容词在句中作定语时,通常放在所修饰名词的前面。如:Suzhou is a beautiful city.2、形容词修饰something,everything,anything,nothing等不定代词时,放在不定代词的后面。如:He has something important to tell us. Is there anything interesting in the movie?3、如果两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,通常按下列顺序排列:品质形容词类别形容词;有时还可按下此顺序排列:品质大小/年岁颜色国家分词。如:There is a small yellow wooden desk in the room.二、作表语形容词在句中作表语时,放在系动词后面。如:The room is bright.三、做宾语补足语形容词在句中作宾语补足语时,一般紧跟在宾语之后。如:Jack always makes us happy.形容词的比较级别一、原级1、不作任何比较时,用原级。如:This book is very interesting.2、用于同级比较结构as.as及其否定形式not as/soas。如:The boy is as clever as his sister.Tom is not so tall as his brother.二、比较级1、两者进行比较时,用比较级,常与than一起用。如:Tra