上消化道出血共识010课件文档资料.ppt
概述,定义:指屈氏韧带以上的消化道(食管,胃,十二指肠,胰腺,胆道)的急性出血,是临床常见急症分类:非静脉曲张性出血、静脉曲张性出血常见病因:十二指肠溃疡、胃溃疡和食管静脉曲张1,概述,大多数急性上消化道出血病人首诊于急诊科,病人常以头晕、乏力、晕厥等不典型症状就诊急诊医师应正确、迅速、合理地诊治急性上消化道出血,急性上消化道出血急诊诊治流程,急性上消化道出血(或疑似),以典型症状就诊的患者,容易诊断(呕血、黑便或血便,伴有周围循环功能衰竭)以不典型症状(头晕、乏力、晕厥等)就诊的患者,急诊医师应保持高度警惕,积极明确或排除上消化道出血的诊断2-4,紧急评估(1),患者意识丧失、呼吸停止及大动脉搏动不能触及立即开始心肺复苏5,紧急评估(2),对未出现呼吸心跳停止的病人,首先进行意识状态判断Glassgow评分 8分,表示病人昏迷,应对呼吸道采取保护措施,意识状态评分表(Glassgow 评分),紧急评估(3),A.气道,B.呼吸,C.循环,急性上消化道出血急诊诊治流程,急性上消化道出血(或疑似),紧急处置(1),心电、血压、血氧饱和度持续监测对严重出血的病人,开放静脉通路,配血,液体复苏意识障碍、排尿困难及所有休克患者留置尿管,记录尿量患者绝对卧床,意识障碍患者将头偏向一侧,避免误吸意识清楚,能够配合的病人可留置胃管并冲洗肝硬化,食道胃底静脉曲张出血及配合度差的病人留置胃管时慎重,避免加重出血7,常规处理,紧急处置(2),常用复苏液体:生理盐水、平衡液、人工胶体和血液制品,液体复苏,紧急处置(3),药物治疗是急性上消化道出血的首选治疗手段,病情危重患者,特别是初次发病,既往病史不详患者,静脉应用生长抑素质子泵抑制剂(PPI)7,17,病因明确之前,可经验性联合用药9,12,16,上消化道大出血及高度怀疑静脉曲张性出血时,血管加压素抗生素14,18,19,以上基础上联用,明确病因后,再根据具体情况调整治疗方案,初始药物治疗,紧急处置(4),常用药物,生长抑素及其类似物,抑酸药物,血管加压素及其类似物,抗菌药物,止血药物,初始药物治疗,紧急处置(5),生长抑素,生长抑素是由14个氨基酸组成的环状活性多肽,能够减少内脏血流、降低门静脉阻力、抑制胃酸和胃蛋白酶分泌、抑制胃肠道及胰腺肽类激素分泌等,作用机制,肝硬化急性食道胃底静脉曲张出血的首选药物之一20,21急性非静脉曲张出血的治疗9,临床应用,紧急处置(6),A.可迅速有效控制急性上消化道出血21B.预防早期再出血的发生22,23C.有效预防内镜治疗后的肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG)升高,从而提高内镜治疗的成功率24D.可显著降低消化性溃疡出血患者的手术率E.对于高危患者,选用高剂量生长抑素在改善患者内脏血流 动力学、出血控制率和存活率方面均优于常规剂量20,23,特点,生长抑素,紧急处置(8),生长抑素用法,用法,紧急处置(9),生长抑素类似物,紧急处置(10),抑酸药物:常用的PPI针剂有埃索美拉唑、奥美拉唑、泮妥拉唑、兰索 拉唑、雷贝拉唑等。常用的H2RA针剂有雷尼替丁、法莫替丁等血管加压素及其类似物:包括垂体后叶素、血管加压素、特利加压素等抗菌药物:可使用喹诺酮类抗菌素,对喹诺酮类耐药者也可使用头孢类 抗菌素止血药物:止血药物的疗效尚未证实,不推荐作为一线药物使用,其它药物,急性上消化道出血急诊诊治流程,急性上消化道出血(或疑似),二次评估,在解除危及生命的情况、液体复苏和初始经验治疗开始后;或初次评估判断病情较轻,生命体征稳定的病人,开始进行二次评估全面评估,病史 详细询问病史有助于对出血病因的初步判断全面查体 重点注意血流动力学状态、腹部、慢性肝脏疾病或 门脉高压体征、直肠指诊实验室和辅助检查 血细胞分析、肝功能、肾脏功能和电解质、凝血功能、血型、心电图、胸片、腹部超声,二次评估,病情严重程度的评估 病情严重度与失血量呈正相关。如根据血容量减少导致周围循环的改变来判断失血量,休克指数(心率/收缩压)是判断失血量的重要指标之一6,15,上消化道出血病情严重程度分级,注:休克指数=心率/收缩压,二次评估,是否存在活动性出血的评估 临床上出现下列情况考虑有活动性出血,呕血或黑便次数增多,呕吐物呈鲜红色或排出暗红血便,或伴有肠鸣音活跃,经快速输液输血,周围循环衰竭的表现未见明显改善,或虽暂时好转而又再恶化,中心静脉压仍有波动,稍稳定又再下降,红细胞计数、血红蛋白测定与Hct 继续下降,网织红细胞计数持续增高,补液与尿量足够的情况下,血尿素氮持续或再次增高,胃管抽出物有较多新鲜血,1,2,3,4,5,二次评估,出血预后的评估,急性上消化道出血急诊诊治流程,急性上消化道出血(或疑似),药物治疗,内镜,内镜检查为上消化道出血病因诊断的关键检查47,应尽量在出血后2448h内进行;药物与内镜联合治疗是目前首选的治疗方式24,26,47,48,内镜治疗方法的选择请参加消化专业有关指南8,13,14,19,急性上消化道出血急诊诊治流程,急性上消化道出血(或疑似),紧急处置,二次评估,药物治疗+内镜联合治疗,治疗后再次评估,经上述治疗后再次评估患者出血是否得到有效控制。若仍可能存在活动性出血,可根据患者病情选择重复内镜治疗或外科手术治疗。对严重出血患者或因脏器低灌注而引起相应并发症者应尽快收入ICU病房进行加强监护治疗,急性上消化道出血急诊诊治流程小结,参考文献,1.Henrion,J.,et al.,Upper gastrointestinal bleeding:what has changed during the last 20 years?Gastroenterol 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with the Sengstaken-Blakemore tube.Experience in 82 patients.Am J Surg,1988.155(3):p.509-11.47.Hearnshaw,S.A.,et al.,Use of endoscopy for management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the UK:results of a nationwide audit.Gut,2010.59(8):p.1022-9.48.Endo,M.,et al.,Present state of endoscopic hemostasis for nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding.Dig Endosc,2010.22 Suppl 1:p.S31-4.49.Loffroy,R.,et al.,Embolization of Acute Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Resistant to Endoscopic Treatment:Results and Predictors of Recurrent Bleeding.Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol,2010.50.DAmico,G.and A.Luca,TIPS is a cost effective alternative to surgical shunt as a rescue therapy for prevention of recurrent bleeding from esophageal varices.J Hepatol,2008.48(3):p.387-90.51.Lopera,J.E.,et al.,Bleeding duodenal:varices treatment by TIPS and transcatheter embolization.Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol,2008.31(2):p.431-4.52.Clarke,M.G.,et al.,The surgical management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding:a 12-year experience.Int J Surg,2010.8(5):p.377-80.,执笔专家:于学忠、王仲、李小刚、何建、陆一鸣、周荣斌、曾红科(以上专家排名不分先后,以姓氏笔划顺序排列),本片由默克雪兰诺公司协助制作!,主要内容,定义发病率病因内镜检查目的时机条件,处理复苏内镜止血药物治疗手术随访,定义,呕血呕吐鲜红色的血液呕吐咖啡渣样物质呕吐黑色血液黑粪排出柏油样大便便血经直肠排出红色血液再出血伴发休克(P100次min,收缩压100mmHg,中心静脉压下降5mmHg或24h Hb下降20g/L)的新鲜呕血及或黑便(再出血应经内镜证实),Palmar KR Guideline Gut.2002,发病率,急性上消化道出血是消化道医师处理的最常见的急症发病率:5015010万人群(英国)102人10万人群(美国)发病年龄高峰:3090岁男性女性21死亡率:4.7%,Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002.Rollhauser DE.1997,病 因(80%的病人可找到出血的病因),Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002,急性上消化道出血的原因,上消化道出血患者诊疗的要求,负责医师胃肠道内、外科医师内外科低年资医师实行24h临床观察有经验的护士护理应住院治疗重症患者ICU收容医院应有昼夜医护值班及急诊内镜,有24h输血服务,血库应备有O型血及Rh阴性血液,Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002,内镜检查专家共识意见,准确诊断出血原因有助于治疗治疗性内镜检查改善重症患者的预后推荐早期内镜检查最理想时机入院后次晨有经验的内镜医师操作推荐急诊内镜检查在手术室进行伴有大量出血及休克者,要求在严密监护支持下行急诊内镜诊疗,Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002,处理原则,依出血严重程度、原因及伴发疾病而定轻度出血、年轻者普通病房治疗,短期住院伴有多种疾病、重度出血者应在ICU治疗,Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002,处理流程,呕血、黑粪,小量出血,大量出血,普通病房中观察择期性内镜检查早期出院,在监护条件下复苏,内镜检查,最近出血主要指标,静脉曲张,无最近出血指标,内镜下治疗,见其他指导原则,在普通病房内观察,失败,失败,手术治疗,止血成功,稳定,考虑H.pylori根除治疗,再出血,重复内镜治疗,成功,常规血液检查配血,Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002,出血严重程度的评估,Rocket危险因素评估年龄增加死亡率与年龄密切相关40岁罕见死亡90岁死亡危险增加30%伴发病死亡率与伴随全身疾病密切相关休克P100次min,收缩压100mmHg内镜所见内镜检查正常,Mallory-Weiss撕裂或基底洁净的溃疡:极少再出血及死亡,Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002,急性出血患者Rocket再出血及死亡危险性评估系统,Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002,出血紧急处理(复苏),建立静脉通路,纠正液体丢失,恢复血压识别伴发疾病并予以适当治疗血液常规检查评估出血的严重程度,Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002,轻、中度出血处理,脉搏、BP正常Hb100g/L患者无伴发疾病年龄60岁,入住普通病房病情稳定可饮水检测:BP、P、尿量1次h考虑:内镜检查Hp根除,抑酸剂应用,NSAIDs应用建议,Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002,重度出血处理,年龄60岁P100次min收缩压100mmHgHb100g/L多伴有全身疾病,复苏后即可住院(ICU)生命体征检测:监护仪使用,BP、P,留置导尿管,检测血容量h,据中心静脉压补充液体血液检查:Hb、PLT、WBCDC、生化、肾或、血型、交叉、配血、PT判断有无肝病禁食血液动力学稳定后内镜检查,Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002,低血容量休克的处理,肘窝2个粗静脉留置导管无肝病者,快速输注生理盐水P、BP及中心静脉压,尿量正常输血指征有大量呕血病史及休克Hb100g/L,Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002,低血容量性休克症状、体征和液体补充,Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002,内镜检查,时机出血量相对较少者:半择期内镜检查大出血者:紧急内镜检查条件血压和中心静脉压稳定有条件可气管插管,以防误吸目的查找病因:识别有无静脉曲张、癌症及溃疡判断预后:评估出血、死亡的危险性,识别出血部位施行治疗,Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002,药物治疗,抑酸药物应用理论基础酸性环境下血凝块稳定性下降血小板聚集最佳pH值6.0pH6.0血凝块发生溶解,Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002,对制酸剂的要求,快速升高pH6.0,并能持续维持推荐应用PPI,而H2RA不能可靠和恒定升高pH6.0多项多中心研究证实:静脉注射PPI可收到较好的临床效果降低再出血率降低输血量降低住院天数降低死亡率,Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002,胃内 pH 对止血过程的影响,止血过程为高度pH敏感性反应酸性环境不利止血pH 7.0 止血反应正常 pH 6.8 以下 止血反应异常 pH 6.0 以下 血小板解聚 CT延长4倍以上 pH 5.4 以下 血小板聚集及凝血不能pH 4.0 以下 纤维蛋白血栓溶解,抑制胃酸治疗上消化道出血使胃内pH持续维持在6以上,部分恢复血小板聚集功能使凝血反应得以进行使胃蛋白酶失活,稳定已形成的血栓持续阻止胃酸分泌,巩固内镜治疗疗效,生长抑素,大剂量静注生长抑素抑制胃酸分泌减少内脏血流(理论上有效的止血药),Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002,抗纤溶药物,荟萃分析显示止血环酸不能降低再出血率可减少手术趋势降低死亡趋势,Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002,内镜止血,指征食管静脉曲张出血有近期出血迹像的溃疡患者喷射状渗血性活动性出血有血管裸露有血凝块附着溃疡基底洁净溃疡内有黑或红色出血点,内镜止血治疗,不需内镜治疗,Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002,注射止血治疗,首选110000肾上腺溶液出血点周围4点注射及注入出血血管注射剂量416ml初次止血率96%再出血发生率15.2%(无证据显示加用硬化剂可降低再出血率,反而有导致注射部位组织坏死的危险性)局部注射无水乙醇,并不优于110000肾上腺溶液,注射量难控制,且有穿孔的危险性局部注射刺激血凝形成的制剂:纤维蛋白胶和凝血酶有效,但操作不简便,Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002,Mallory-Weiss撕裂,自行性止血偶尔需内镜止血治疗热治疗及110000肾上腺溶液注射有效,Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002,血管畸形毛细血管扩张、胃窦部血管扩张,APC及热探头,热治疗热探头及多极电凝,热探头(2030焦耳)加压黑色区域疗效与注射110000肾上腺溶液相同激光治疗不再应用,Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002,Dieulafoy病变,常难以诊断与治疗皮圈结扎注射治疗热治疗止血夹,Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002,内镜检查后的处理,仍需密切监护BP、P、尿量重点观察有无再出血或继续出血46h,血液动力学稳定者可饮食或流质无须延长进食时间,Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002,是否需要复查内镜,指征有活动性再出血的证据新鲜的黑便或呕血、BP、P、CVP初次内镜治疗疗效不确切1224h后可追加治疗,Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002,外科手术,指征:内镜治疗不能有效止血时间:避免午夜清晨7时间手术术者:有经验的麻醉师有经验的外科医师术式:胃溃疡据大小、部位胃大部切除老年者、身体状况不佳简化手术,局部切除,缝合溃疡,Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002,随 访,溃疡出血者标准的溃疡治疗Hp根除治疗NSAIDs或阿斯匹林相关溃疡者停用NSAIDs并用PPI治疗胃溃疡出血者出院后6周连续服用PPI,重复内镜检查,观察溃疡愈合情况及除外恶性病变球溃疡出血Hp根除者不须胃镜复查,但如须继续服用NSAIDs者,则须复查,Palmar KR.Guideline Gut 2002,