关节学总论PPT课件PPT文档.ppt
Classification,There are two major types of articulations or joint.一Continuous joints 直接连结1.Fibrous joints 纤维连结:bones are united by fibrous connective tissue Syndesmosis 韧带连结Suture 缝2.Cartilaginous joints 软骨连结:bones are united by cartilageSynchondrosis 透明软骨结合:bones are united by hyaline cartilageSymphysis 纤维软骨联合:bones are united by fibrocartilage3.Synosteosis 骨性结合二Discontinuous joints 间接连结synovial joints 滑膜关节,Synovial joints 滑膜关节,1.Basic structuresArticular surface关节面:covered by articular cartilage 关节软骨 Articular capsule 关节囊Fibrous membrane纤维膜Synovial membrane 滑膜Articular cavity关节腔:containing synovial fluid;negative pressure in it,2.Accessory structuresLigaments韧带(lig.):extra-and intracapsular ligaments 囊外(内)韧带Articular disc关节盘 and articular labrum 关节唇:Synovial fold滑膜襞 and synovial bursa滑膜囊,Terms movements of joints,Translation 移动 Flexion and extension 屈和伸,在足部屈称为跖屈,伸称为背屈,Adduction and abduction 收和展,Classification of synovial joints关节的分类,Uniaxial joints单轴关节:hinge joints 屈戍关节trochoid(pivot)joints车轴关节Biaxial joints双轴关节:ellipsoid joints 椭圆关节saddle joints 鞍状关节Multiaxial joints多轴关节:ball-and-socket joint 球窝关节plane joints 平面关节,Articulations of Bones of Trunk躯干骨的连结,The vertebral column脊柱 Composition:consists of 24 vertebrae,the sacrum,and the coccyx.,1.Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连结,Intervertebral discs 椎间盘 between bodies of adjacent vertebrae,composed of:Nucleus pulposus髓核,an inner soft,gelatinous胶状的,highly elastic structure Annulus fibrosus纤维环 an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage纤维软骨,Hemination of nucleus pulposus 髓核脱出,Anterior longitudinal ligament 前纵韧带,Position:Strong band covering the anterior part of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs running from the anterior margin of foramen magnum to the S1S2 function:prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column and anterior protrusion of the discsPosterior longitudinal ligament后纵韧带Position:Attached to the posterior aspect of the intervertebral discs and posterior edges of the vertebral bodies from C2 vertebra to sacral canal.function:Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column,2.Joints of the vertebral arches 椎弓间的连结,Ligamenta flava 黄韧带 Position:unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae,and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canalfunction:prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column.Interspinal ligament 棘间韧带Supraspinal ligament 棘上韧带Ligamentum nuchae项韧带 Intertransverse ligament横突间韧带 Zygapophysial joint 关节突关节,下部肋椎关节（后面观）,3.Atlantooccipital joint 寰枕关节,composition:superior articular fovea of atlas and occipital condylesligament:寰枕前膜寰枕后膜,3.Atlantooccipital joint 寰枕关节,Action 头部作前屈后伸,侧屈运动.,4.Atlantoaxial joint 寰枢关节,Three synovial joints between atlas and axis寰枢外侧关节寰枢正中关节 ligaments:apical ligament of dens 齿突尖韧带alar ligament 翼状韧带transverse ligament of atlas寰椎横韧带 tectorial membrane 覆膜Action 使头部连同寰椎进行旋转运动.,Normal Curves of vertebral column,Cervical curvature颈曲 convex forwardThoracic curvature胸曲 convex backward Lumbar curvature腰曲 convex forwardSacral curvature骶曲 convex backward Movement of the vertebral column flexion extensionlateral flexion rotation,Spina bifida cystica 脊柱裂,Thoracic cage 胸廓,CompositionBones consists of twelve thoracic vertebrae,twelve pairs of ribs,sternum and their joints.,Joints1.Costovertebral joints 肋椎关节Joints of costal head 肋头关节Costotransverse joints 肋横突关节2.肋软骨与胸骨的连结Sternocostal synchondrosis of first rib 第一胸肋结合Sternocostal joints胸肋关节:Interchondral joints软骨间关节:costal cartilages 8,9,and 10 fuse with each other,the common cartilage of these ribs unite with 7 costal cartilage to form the costal arch肋弓,General features of thoracic cage,Is conical in shape,transverse diameter is long,anteroposterior diameter is short,narrow above and broad below.Inlet of thorax胸廓上口:bounded by upper border of manubrium,the first pair of ribs,and vertebra T1Outlet of thorax胸廓下口:bounded by vertebra T12,12th and 11th ribs,costal arch and xiphoid processInfrasternal angle胸骨下角:formed by the costal arch of both sideIntercostal spaces肋间隙:lie between the ribs,11pairs.,Function:protects the organs in the thoracic cavity and upper abdominal cavity;plays a vital role in the process of breathing,Inspiration,Expiration,Joints of skull 颅骨的连结,Continuous joints:sutures,synchondrosis or synosteosis,Temporomandibular joint 颞下颌关节,composition:Mandibular fossa and articular tubercle,aboveHead of mandibule,below feature:Capsule:thin and lax in front and medial wallstrengthened by the lateral ligament 外侧韧带Articular disc:separates surfaces,forming upper and lower compartments within jointMovement:mandible may be elevated or depressed,protruded or retracted and lateral movement is permitted.,Teaching outline,1.Master the essential structure,accessory structure.2.Master the shape,structure of the intervertebral discs,the position and function of the anterior,posterior longitudinal ligaments,the position and function of the ligamenta flava.3.Master the composition,master the normal curves and the movements of the vertebral column.4.Master the composition and functions of the thoracic cage.5.Master the composition and shapes of the thoracic inlet and thoracic outlet.6.Master the composition,feature and movement of the temporomandibular joint.,
