[日语学习]语法123.doc
初中英语语法总复习 *培训学校中考辅导资料 第一部分 名词一、名词的概念可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：（一）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。（二） 集体名词（Collective Nouns）： 表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。（三）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。（四）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。二、名词复数的规则变化（一）名词复数的规则变化 情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加 s清辅音后读/s/map-maps浊辅音和元音后读 /z/bag-bags /car-cars以s, sh, ch, x等结尾加 es读 /iz/bus-buses/ watch-watches以ce, se, ze,等结尾加 s读 /iz/license-licenses以辅音字母+y结尾变y 为i再加es读 /z/baby-babies（二）其它名词复数的规则变化 1.以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。例如：two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays 2.以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：（1）加s，如photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos； （2）加es，如：potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes（3）上述a和b两种方法均可，如zero-zeros / zeroes。 3.以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时： （1）加s，如：belief-beliefsroof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs；（2）去f,fe 加ves，如：half-halvesknife-knivesleaf-leaveswolf-wolves wife-wiveslife-livesthief-thieves；（3）均可,如：handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves（三）名词复数的不规则变化1. child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-menwoman-women注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。如：an Englishman，two Englishmen.但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。2.单复数同形如：deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如: a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters3.集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。 如：peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。如： The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。4.以s结尾，仍为单数的名词如：maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。news 是不可数名词。the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。5.表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜)trousers,clothes等若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers6.另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters 水域，fishes（各种）鱼（四）不可数名词量的表示物质名词1.当物质名词转化为个体名词时。 比较：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) These cakes are sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)2.当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。 This factory produces steel.(不可数) We need various steels.(可数)3.当物质名词表示份数时，可数。 Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。 Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。（五）抽象名词有时也可数。four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。如：a glass of water 一杯水 a piece of advice一条建议（六）定语名词的复数名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。1.用复数作定语。 如：sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 2.man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如：men workerswomen teachers gentlemen officials3.有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。如：goods train (货车) arms produce武器生产 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush衣刷4.数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。如：two-dozen eggs两打/（二十四个鸡蛋) a ten-mile walk 十里路two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan.一个五年计划个别的有用复数作定语的，如： a seven-years child（七）不同国家的人的单复 国籍总称（谓语用复数）单数复数中国人the Chinesea Chinese two Chinese瑞士人the Swissa Swisstwo Swiss澳大利亚人the Australians an Australiantwo Australians俄国人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians意大利人the Italiansan Italiantwo Italians希腊人the Greeka Greektwo Greeks法国人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本人the Japanesea Japanesetwo Japanese美国人the Americansan Americantwo Americans印度人the Indiansan Indiantwo Indians加拿大人the Canadiansa Canadiantwo Canadians德国人the Germansa Germanstwo Germans英国人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes三、名词的格在英语中有些名词可以加“'s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：（一）单数名词词尾加"'s"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。（二）若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加"'"，如：the workers' struggle工人的斗争。（三）凡不能加“'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。（四）在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店。（五）如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。 如：John's and Mary's room（两间）John and Mary's room（一间）（六）复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。 如：A month or two's absence（七）复合名词的所有格是在其词尾加s：his mother-in-laws photo the editor-in-chiefs opinion（八）有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加s来构成所有格：todays newspaper ten minutes walk Chinas industry the stations waiting-room the earth's surface a dollar's worth（九）凡不能加 s 构成所有格的名词，都可以与 of 结成短语，来表示所有格关系。就是有生命的东西的名词也可如此，特别是当这个名词有较长的定语时：the door of our classroomDo you know the name of the girl standing at the gate?在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时，常使用双重所有格，即“of词组+所有格”结构。这种结构带有一定的感情色彩，表示赞美、厌恶等。 a friend of her mothers a few friends of Toms that book of Toms several classmates of his（十）一个名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重复。如：This is not my pen, but Marys.【基础习题】1The deer has four _. A. foot B. feet C. feets D. foots2Her two brothers are both _. A. policeman B. policemans C. policemen D. policemens3There are four _ and two _ in the group. A. Japanese, Germen B. Japaneses, Germen C. Japanese, Germans D. Japan, Germans4Two _ would come to the village. A. woman-doctors B. women doctor C. women doctors D. woman doctors5Can you see nine _ in the picture? A. sheep B. dog C. pig D. horse6The _ has two _. A. boys, watches B. boy, watch C. boy, watches D. boys, watch7The boy often brushes his _ before he goes to bed. A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths8The Japanese _ will not leave China until she finishes her study. A. woman B. women C. man D. men9There are lots of _ in the basket on the table. A. tomatos B. tomato C. tomatoes D. tomatoss10. The cat caught two _ last night. A. mouses B. mice C. mouse D. mices【拓展练习】1. In his speech, he gave us _ on how to learn a foreign language. A. some advice B. some advices C. several advices D. an advice 2. Thank you very much for giving us _ on this matter. A. these informations B. so many informations C. an information D. so much information 3. -Where did you have your supper? - _. A. With my sister B. At my sister C. At my sister home D. At my sisters 4. She is from _. She is _. A. Germany; a Germany B. German; A Germany C. the Germany; German D. Germany; a German 5. He bought a _ of trousers. They were expensive. A. piece B. set C. pair D. pile 6. The town is about _ ride form here. You ought to start, right away. A. two hour B. two hours C. two hours D. two-hours 7. A _ of money has been spent on the building. A. great deal B. good many C. plenty D. great number 8. _ been made in science since then. A. A great progress has B. Great progresses have C. Great progress has D. Many progresses have 9. We must help _. A. a blind B. the blind C. people D. the people blind 10. The great writer and solider _. A. is an old man B. are both old men C. is an old man and a young man D. were two Chinese 11. At present Zhangs family _ rather big, with twelve people in all. A. is B. are C. being D. was 12. This is not my dictionary. It is _. A. Mary B. Marys C. of Mary D. the book of Mary 13. There are twenty _and forty nurses in the hospital. A. women doctors B. woman doctors C. women doctor D. woman doctor 14. _ came to our school yesterday. A. The Williams B. The Williams C. Williams D. The William 15. Twenty miles _ a long way to walk. A. are B. is C. has been D. be 【中考链接】 1.（2010江苏省宿迁市）Sandy didnt tell her parents that she was going home because she wanted to give them a _.A. gift B. call C. surprise D. note 2.（2010湖南省娄底市）Its said that you have moved into a new house. Yeah， and we need to buy some _in the mall nearby. A. food B. furniture C. hamburger D. apples3.（2010上海市）You can get much _about the World Expo on the Internet.A. map B. picture C. ticket D. information4.（2010上海市）The customers are pleased with the _of the restaurant.A. balance B. experience C. surface D. service 5.（2010·江苏省扬州市）Wow, so many beautiful cars! I dont know which one to buy.-Anyway, you have to make a_.A. conclusion B. connection C. decision D. presentation6.（2010·吉林省通化市）We need to come up with a/an _and make a decision at once.A. information B. advice C. idea D. news 7.（2010·浙江省湖州市）Would you like some _? -No, thank you. Im not hungry at all.A. water B. books C. clothes D. bread8.（2010·湖北省荆州市） When will the 2010 World Expo(世博会) come to a close? Itll close at the end of _. A. September B. October C. November D. December9.（2010·湖北省武汉市）Why are you still waiting in line?-Ive missed my _. A. place B. order C. turn D. time10.（2010·河南省）It was very hard for me to make a _but I decided to leave my job.A. suggestion B. decision C. plan D. speech11.（2010·山东省聊城市）Why not go to Qingdao on May Day, Jim?-Im afraid its not a good _.I have been there several times.A. way B .place C. advice D. idea12.（2010·新疆省阜康市）Mr. Black gave us _on how to learn English well.A. an advice B. many advices C. some advice D. some advices 13.（2010·湖北省黄石市） With whom did you watch 2010 World Cup Opening Ceremony ? _.A. A friend of mine B. A friend of me C. A friend of my sister D. A friend of you 14.（2010·湖北省荆门市）Oh, my god! The kids are making too much_ here. I cant do anything.A. sound B. voice C. noise D. footstep 15.（2010·青海，宁夏）Mr. Li regards Ningxia as his second_ because he has been here for over twenty years. A. family B. house C. room D. home第二部分 冠词冠词包括不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词。一、不定冠词的用法a用于辅音音素开头的词前，an用于元音音素开头的词前。（一）用于可数名词的单数形式前，表示"一"表示某一类人或某事物中的任何一个。比如说：I gave him a book yesterday. 我昨天给了他一本书。I am reading an interesting story . 我在读一本有趣的故事书。I have got a ticket. 我有一张票。There is a tree in front of my house. 我的屋前有一棵树There is a tiger in the zoo.动物园里有一只老虎。（二）表示一类人和东西表示人或事物的某一种类，强调整体，即以其中的一个代表一类。比如说：A horse is useful to mankind. 马对人类有用。A bird can fly. 鸟会飞。A steel worker makes steel.炼钢工人炼钢。A tiger can be dangerous.老虎可能有危害性。（三）表示"某一个"的意思用来指某人某物，但不具体说明任何人或任何物。比如说：A boy came to see you a moment ago. 刚才有一个小孩来找你。I got this tool in a shop. 我在商店买的这件工具。We need a car now. 我们现在需要一辆车。She is ill，she has to see a doctor. 她病了，她得去看病。A gentleman wants to see you.有一位先生要见你。（四）表示"同一"的意思They are nearly of an age.他们几乎同岁。The two shirts are much of a size.这两件衬衫大小差不多。（五）表示"每一"的意思用在事物的"单位"前，如时间， 速度， 价格等意义的名词之前，表示 "每一"。比如说：We often go to school two times a day. 我们常常一天两次去学校。I went to the library once a week at least. 我一星期至少去一次图书馆。The potato is sold at about 30 fen a jin. 土豆卖三毛钱一斤。We go swimming four times a week.我们每周去游泳四次。（六）用在作表语的单数可数名词前，表示身份、职业My mother is a teacher.我妈妈是教师。（七）第一次提到的人或事物，但不特别指明是哪一个Long long ago there was an old king who had a very beautiful daughter.很久很久以前，有一个年老的国王，他有一个非常美丽的女儿。（八）在such a，quite a句式中He is quite a good actor.他是一个相当好的演员。Don't be in such a hurry. 不要如此匆忙。（九）在感叹句 what.的句式中What a pretty girl she is！她是一个多么漂亮的女孩呀！（十）用在某些表示数量的词组中：a lot of 许多；a couple of 一对；a great many 很多；a dozen 一打（但也可以用 one dozen）a great deal of 大量 ；a few 几个 a little 有点由于a few 和 a little的概念容易混淆下面就以他俩为例做个说明：a few 几个 +可数名词单数a little有点 +不可数名词单数She has a few friends in this city. 她在这个城市中有几个朋友。There is a little milk in the bottle. 瓶子里有点牛奶。Only a few students are in the classroom. 只有几个学生在教室里。二、定冠词的用法（一）用以特指某（些）人或某（些）事物特指某（些）人或某（些）事物， 以区别于同类中其他的人或事物。The bag in the desk is mine. 桌子里的书包是我的。Is this the book you are looking for？ 这是你要找的书吗？Do you know the man in back？ 你知道穿黑色衣服的人是谁吗？It is not the car we are looking for. 这不是我们要找的车。The man has found his child. 那个人找到了他的孩子。This is the house where Luxun once lived.这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。（二）用于指谈话双方都明确所指的人或事物Open the door， please.请把门打开。（三）用以复述上文提过的人或事物（第一次提到用“a或an”，以后再次提到用“the”）I bought a book from Xinhua book-shop. The book costs 15 yuan.我从新华书店买了一本书. 这本书值十五元。I saw a film yesterday.The film was ended at eight o'clock.我昨天看了一场电影。电影八点钟结束的。Lucy bought a radio yesterday， but she found something was wrong with the radio.露西昨天买了一台收音机，但是她发现收音机有问题。Once there lived a lion in the forest. Every day the lion asked small animals tolook for food for him.从前森林里住着一只狮子。每天这只狮子要小动物们为他寻找食物。（四）用在序数词和形容词最高级前He is the last one to help me. 他不会来帮助我的。This is the biggest city in China I have ever visited. 这是我在中国参观的最大的城市。January is the first month of the year.一月份是一年当中的第一个月。Shanghai is the biggest city in China.上海是中国最大的城市。（五）表示宇宙中世界上独一无二的事物the sun 太阳 the moon 月亮 the earth 地球 the sky 天空 ；the world 世界The sun is bigger than the moon. 太阳比月亮大。I can see a bird in the sky. 我能看到天空中有一只小鸟。I like to have a walk with the bright moon light in the evening. 我愿晚上在明亮的月光下散步。（六）指由普通名词构成的专有名词the West Lake 西湖 the Great Wall 长城 the United States 美国 the United Natio
