主旨大意推理判断和细节题专练.doc

主旨大意推理判断和细节题专练主旨大意1). 主题型(topic、subject、main idea、general idea)主旨大意题的题干表现形式:2). 目的(purpose)类主旨大意题3). 标题(topic 或 title)类主旨大意题 The best title for the passage might be主题句 一. 文首找主题句, 提炼文章标题: 新闻报道, 说明文, 议论文二. 文尾找主题句, 提炼标题或归纳大意; 记叙文 三. 首尾呼应展现主题句, 瞻前顾后归纳大意; 议论文 总-分-总四. 整合每一段的主题句, 归纳大意.五. 从段落中归纳要点抓大意.有些文章或段落无明显的主题句, 只是暗示性地体现主题. 这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括总结主旨大意。干扰项具有如下五个特点：1. 以偏概全。干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息。 2. 断章取义。干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。3. 主题扩大。干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容。4. 张冠李戴。命题者有意地把属于A的特征放在B的身上，构成一个干扰项。考生不注意的情况下，会造成错选答案。5. 无中生有，似是而非。有的干扰项中的关键词语好似在文章中谈到了，但认真分析之后你会发现这类干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。如何做主旨大意题?做此类题目时，首先要搞清是问某一段还是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉，进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。如有标题，标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。另外，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。在做主题型试题时，可先寻找主题句。一般情况下，主题句出现在文章的开头或结尾。但有时也可能不会出现主题句，需要读者自己去概括或归纳。在确定文章的标题(title)的时候，我们要以文章的中心为依托。但应注意的是，中心大意不完全等同于标题。文章的中心较为详细地陈述文章的内容，而文章的标题则通常情况下较为简明，而且通常是名词或名词短语1) If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only 79. Two days sale. Hurry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs 395. This sales method is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale. The paragraph could be entitled _. A. Buying A TV Set B. A Selling Method C. Buyer Beware D. TV On Sale 2) Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.The main idea of this paragraph is that _.A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College. C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D. Tom received an excellent education.3) Everyone becomes a little more forgetful as they get older, but men's minds decline more than women's, according to the results of a worldwide survey.     Certain differences seem to be inherent in male and female brains: Men are better at maintaining and dealing with mental images (useful in mathematical reasoning and spatial skills), while women tend to excel (擅长) at recalling information from their brain's files (helpful with language skills and remembering the locations of objects).Q : The author aims to tell us that _.    A. womens minds perform better than mens   B. mens minds decline more with age   C. everyone becomes a little more forgetful as they get older    D. a survey on humans mind decline was done recently. 4) It seems that politicians around the world are thinking about the health of their countries. While in China, Chen Zhu has announced his plans for a universal health service and reform across health services. Gordon Brown, the UK Prime Minister, has also announced he is planning to make some changes in our health service.    The crux of Mr. Brown's proposals are related to giving the NHS (National Health Service) a greater focus on prevention, rather than just curing patients.    He is planning to introduce increased screening for common diseases . Q: The author of this passage intends to tell us_.   A. the NHS should be reformed right away.   B. more and more people are dying from diseases.   C. the plan to reform the NHS in the UK.   D. the criticism of Mr. Brown's proposals.5) In the 1930s, a lot of people in the USA were out of work. Among these people was a man named Alfred Butts. He always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a game which he called “Lexico”. However, he was not completely satisfied with the game, so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from “ Lexico” to “Alph” and then to “Criss Cross”. He wanted to make some money from his new game but he didnt have any real commercial(商业性的)success.Q: The text is mainly about_.A. Lexico B. Three men C . A word game D. Alfred Butts. 6) Reading is the key to school success and, like any skill it Takes practice. A child learns to walk by practicing until he no longer has to think about how to put one foot in front of the other. A great athlete practices until he can play quickly, accurately(精确), without thinking. Tennis players call that“ being” in the zone.” Educators call it “ automaticity (自动性). Q: The first paragraph tells us _.A. what automaticity is B. how accuracy is acquired (获得)C. how a child learns to walk D. how an athlete is trained.7) Boston- Thieves dressed as police entered a museum early Sunday and stole 11 paintings, including major works by Rembrandt,Dagas, Manet and Verme rr, FBI (美国联邦调查局) and the museumofficials said. The first judgment placed value of at least $100 million on the works stolen from the Isabella Gardener Museum, said Boston police spokes-man Jim Tordan. William Bobinson, of Hardvard Univercitys Foggel Museum, called the objects stolen “major works.” Q: What is the best headline for this newspaper article?A. A Theft Took Place in Boston B. Artworks stolen by ThievesC. Major Works D. Investigation into the Theft8) As prices and building costs keep rising, the “do-it-yourself” (DIY) trend in the U.S. continues to grow. John and Jim are not unusual people. Most families in the country are doing everything they can to save money so they can fight the high cost of living. If you want to become a “do-it-yourself, you can go to DIY classes. And for those who dont have time to take a course, there are books that tell you how you can do things yourself.Q: What would be the best title for the text? A.The Joy of DIYB.You can Do it Too! C. Welcome to Our DIY Course! D. Ross and Hatfield: Believers in DIY9) You dream each night, even though you may not remember your dreams. While you dream your eyes move and your heart beats faster. Even your brain-wave pattern changes. Some scientists think that dreaming is important for the sake of health. They claim that without dream, people would go crazy. Q: What does the passage mainly tell us?A. How people stay healthy B.How sleep is necessary C. Why dreams are important D. When people remember their dreams10) In America we have Halloween. In Mexico they have Todos Santos, which means “ All Saints”. This is the day in which people remember family and friends who have died. They visit the cemetery instead of going out to trick-or-treat. But they do have pictures of skeletons and ghosts hanging around. They also have many candy skulls to eat. Q: What does the story mainly tell ? A. What holidays are like B. What Halloween is like in MexicoC. What happens during Todos Santos D. What we do on Halloween推理判断 1).How to infer the implied meanings(推断隐含意义)1 It is fun to turn over a big rock on the beach. Make sure you turn the rock back to the position it was in after you moved it. If you dont turn it back over, all the sea animals under it or clinging to（依附）the underside will die.You can tell that rocks _.A. hurt sea animals                              B. protect sea animalsC. wont be found on beaches                     D. cant be found on beaches 【解题技巧】  1.全面分析   2.忠实原文  3.不选表层信息2 The real problem is that the areas where wolves can live are being used by peopleEven if wilderness land is not used directly for human needs, the wolves cant always find enough food. So they travel to the nearest source, which is often a farm. Then there is danger. The “big bad wolf” has arrived! And everyone knows what happens next The last sentence“ And everyone knows what happens next” implies that in such cases. Afarm animals will be in danger and have to be shipped awayBwolves will kill people and people will in turn kill themCwolves will find enough food sources on farmsDpeople will leave the areas where wolves can live 3. One day, as I was getting her food, Brownie chewed up(咬破) one of Dads shoes, which had to be thrown away in the end. I knew Dad would be mad and I had to let her know what she did was wrong. When I looked at her and said, “Bad girl.” She looked down at the ground and then went and hid. I saw a tear in her eyes. We can infer from Paragraph 2 that Brownie _.A. would eat anything when hungry             B. felt sorry for her mistakeC. loved playing hide-and-seek                 D. disliked the author's dad 2).How to infer the authors opinion and attitudes(推断作者观点或态度)4 Why isnt your newspaper reporting any good news？All I read about is murder, bribery(行贿)，and death. Frankly, I am sick of all the bad news. This authors attitude towards the newspaper reporting is to _.A. complain      B. apologize        C. amuse          D. inform 【解题技巧】 1.注意作者表达感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子2.推断出作者的弦外之音3.站在作者的立场或角度 【描述作者态度的词】 objective;  neutral; subjective; positive; negative; critical; pessimistic; optimistic; approving; disapproving; indifferent; ironic 5In the kitchen of my mothers houses there has always been a wooden stand（木架）with a small notepad（记事本）and a hole for a pencil.Im looking for paper on which to note down the name of a book I am recommending to my mother. Over forty years since my earliest memories of the kitchen pad and pencil, five houses later, the current paper and pencil look the same as they always did. Surely it cant be the same pencil? The pad is more modern, but the wooden stand is definitely the original one.“Im just amazed you still have the same stand for holding the pad and pencil after all these years.” I say to her, walking back into the living-room with a sheet of paper and the pencil. “You still use a pencil. Cant you afford a pen?”My mother replies a little sharply. “It works perfectly well. Ive always kept the stand in the kitchen. I never knew when I might want to note down an idea, and I was always in the kitchen in these days.” What is the authors original opinion about the wooden stand?A. It has great value for the family.          B. It needs to be replaced by a better one.C. It brings her back to her lonely childhood.  D. It should be passed on to the next generation. In the authors mind, her mother is _.A.  strange in behavior.               B. keen on her research.C.  fond of collecting old things.        D.  careless about her appearance. 3).How to infer the writing purpose(推断写作目的) 【Sample】6“Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Or have you jumped in the water and felt the rush of energy as waves came over you?”asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at the University of Edinburgh.“There is certainly a lot of energy in waves,”he said. The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to _A. test the readers knowledge about waves       B. draw the readers attention to the topicC. show Jamie Taylors importance             D. invite the readers to answer them 【写作目的归纳】 to entertain readers 娱乐读者，让人发笑,常见于故事类的文章。to persuade readers说服读者接受某种观点,常见于广告类的文章。to inform readers 告知读者某些信息,多见于科普类新闻报道类文化类或社会类文章. 7 L1PITOR ABOUT LIPITORLipitor is a prescription medicine. Along with diet and exercise，it lowers “bad' cholesterol(胆固醇)in your bloodIt can also raise “good' cholesterol·Lipitor can lower the risk of heart attack in patients with several common risk factors，including family history of early heart disease，high blood pressure，age and smoking WHO IS LIPITOR FOR?Who can take LIPITOR：People who cannot lower their cholesterol enough with diet and exerciseAdults and children over l0Who should NOT take LIPITOR：Women who are pregnant，may be pregnant，or may become pregnant. Lipitor may harm your unborn baby  What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To teach patients ways for quick recovery.B. To present a report on a scientific research.C. To show the importance of a good lifestyle.D. To give information about a kind of medicine.8 (2010四川B)Boiler rooms are often dirty and steamy, but this one is clean and cool. Fox Poi What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To teach patients ways for quick recovery.    B. To present a report on a scientific research.C. To show the importance of a good lifestyle.  D. To give information about a kind of medicine.  9 A very new47-unit living building in South Bronx, one of the citys poorest areas. Two-thirds of the people living there are formerly (以前) homeless people, whose rent is paid by the government. The rest are low-income families. The boiler room has special equipment, which produces energy for electricity and heat. It reuses heat that would otherwise be lost to the air, reducing carbon emissions(碳排放)while also cutting costs. What is the purpose of describing the boiler room in the first paragraph? A. To explain the measures the city takes to care for poor people. B. To suggest that affordable housing is possible in all areas.C. To show how the environment-friendly building works.D. To compare old and new boiler rooms. 4).How to infer the structure and organization(推断文脉关系) 【Question forms】 The next paragraph would most probably deal with _The paragraph preceding this one would most likely discuss _. 【解题技巧】推测下文的内容：推断下文要注意最后一段的内容。推测上文的内容：关注第一段，特别是开始几句话。 10In this article, I'll describe three no-win situations that commonly arise between teens and parents and then suggest some ways out of the trap. The first no-win situation is quarrels over unimportant things. Examples include the color of the teens hair, the cleanliness of the bedroom, the preferred style of clothing, the child's failure to eat a good breakfast before school, or his tendency to sleep until noon on the weekends. Second, blaming. The goal of a blaming battle is to make the other admit that his bad attitude is the reason why everything goes wrong. Third, needing to be right. It doesnt matter what the topic is politics, the laws of physics, or the proper way to break an eggthe point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong, for both wish to be considered an authority someone who actually knows something and therefore to command respect. Unfortunately,