英语语法之句子成分.doc

一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：v 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。句子成分详解表句子成分意义充当词类例句主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么事名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或句子We study in Linzi Middle School.谓语说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样动词或动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语表示动作行为的对象同主语Both of us like English.表语与联系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质或特征同主语Her father is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定语用来修饰名词或代词形，代，数，名, 副，介词短语或句子We have eight lessons every day.状语修饰动词，形容词，副词，表示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，结果等副词，介词短语或句子He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.宾语补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系形容词，名词，介词短语等She always keeps the house clean.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！（二）主语：v 主语 (Subject)是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. （ ）2. We often speak English in class. （ ）3. One-third of the students in this class are girls. （ ）4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. （ ）5. Smoking does harm to the health. （ ）6. The rich should help the poor. （ ）7. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. （ ）8. It is necessary to master a foreign language. （ ）趁热打铁一改错：1. Do exercise is good for your health.2. Eat much meat is bad for your health.二指出下列句中主语的中心词：The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.三 找出下面句子的主语：1. It is a pleasure to talk to you.2. Cleaning the house needs a lot of time.（三）谓语 v 谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语是什么，做什么或怎么样，由动词充当。主语和谓语在人称和数上必须保持一致。谓语动词有多种时态，它是句子的核心。谓语的构成如下：v 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock. Open the door ,please. Dont laugh at others. 注意： 祈使句，省略主语youv 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如： We are students.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。趁热打铁一找出下列句子的主谓：1. we are working .2. I can swim very well .3. The waiter brought a bottle of beer to me .4. Why does the wind blow ?5. The rain has been pulling down for a whole day .6. Go and get some water for me.7. Jim asked you to give his best wishes to everyone .8. You must get the car ready by tomorrow .二 填空1. It is difficult for me _( finish) so much work within one night. Can you help me?2. John with two of his friends _ (go ) to play basketball every Sunday afternoon.3. _ (get) up earth is good for your health.4. _(get) up early, or you will miss the bus.（四）表语 表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如： 1. Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）2. Is it yours?（代词）3. The weather has turned cold.（形容词）4. The speech is exciting.（分词）5. Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）6. His job is to teach English.（不定式）7. His hobby is playing football.（动名词）8. The meeting is of great importance.（介词短语）9. Time is up. The class is over.（副词）10. The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如： He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, 例如：He always kept silent at meeting. 3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He seems (to be) very sad.  4）感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：He became mad after that.  6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success.  趁热打铁一 找出下列句中的表语: The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it.二选出最佳答案： 1. _ everyone here today?A. Be B. Are  C. Is D. Am2. Harry is older than I.  But  he _ younger than I.A. look B. looks C. looked D. looking3. It _ like the singing of the birds.A. sounds B. looks C. smells D. tastes4. This kind of cake tastes _.A. good B. well C. to be good D. to be well5. The children all looked _ at the broken model plane and felt quite _.A. sad, sad B. sadly, sadly C. sad, sadly D. sadly, sad6. This kind of paper _ nice.A. feel B. felt C. is feeling D. feels7. This math problem is _ and I can do it _.A. easy, easily B. easily, easily C. easy, easy D. easily, easy8. Coffee is ready. How nice it _! Would you like some?A. looks B. smells C. sounds D. feels9. In winter the days _ colder and colder.A. gets B. getting C. got D. get10. He _ pale at the thought.A. got B. looked C. turned D. seemedKeys： CBAAD DABDC（五）宾语 v 宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： 1. They went to see an exhibition yesterday. （ ）2. The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. （ ）3. How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. （ ）4. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. ( )5. He pretended not to see me. ( )6. I enjoy listening to popular music. ( )7. I think（that）he is fit for his office. ( )v 宾语种类：v （1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如： He sent the novel to William yesterday.For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother.v （2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：v They elected him their monitor.v 下列动词只能接不定式做宾语 ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等，如： He refused to lend me his bike.v 下列动词只能接动名词做宾语 admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如： John has admitted breaking the window .v 下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如stop, mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。趁热打铁一 找出下列句中的宾语： My brother hasn't done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. You will find it useful after you leave school. They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.二划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语： Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me?（六）宾语补足语 v 英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语（Object Complement），才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等)+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如： 1. His father named him Dongming.（ ） 2. They painted their boat white. （ ）3. Let the fresh air in. （ ）4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. ( )5. We saw her entering the room. ( )6. We found everything in the lab in good order. ( )7. We will soon make our city what your city is now. （ ）趁热打铁一 找出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?二选出最佳答案：1. Though he had often made his little sister _, today he was made _ by his little sister. A. cry; to cry B. crying; crying C. cry; cry D. to cry; cry2. The teacher encouraged us _ good compositions. A. Writing B. written C. to write D. is writing3. He found them _ at a table_. A. sat; to play chess B. sitting; to play chess C. seated; playing chess D. seat; play the chess4. The teacher asked us _ so much noise. A. dont make B. not make C. not making D. not to make（七）定语 v 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下成分表示：1. Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）2. China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） 3. There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）4. His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）5. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）6. The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）7. He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）8. The tall boy who is standing there is Peter. (形容词，定语从句)趁热打铁找出下列句中的定语 They use Mr, Mrs with the family name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!（八）状语 v 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示 ：1. Light travels most quickly. ( )2. He has lived in the city for ten years. ( )3. He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. ( )4. He is in the room making a model plane. ( )5. Wait a minute. ( )6. Once you begin, you must continue. ( )9种状语种类如下： 1. How about meeting again at six? ( )2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. ( )3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. ( )4. Mr Smith lives on the third floor. ( )5. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. ( )v She came in with a dictionary in her hand. ( )6 .In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. ( )7. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. ( )8. She works very hard though she is old. ( )9. I am taller than he is. ( )趁热打铁找出下列句中的状语： There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster. （十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe-)等，如：To be frank, I dont quite agree with you. 句子成分练习题( 一 ) 指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分：1.Whether well go depend on the weather .2. Peoples standards of living are going up steadily .3. That was how they were defeated.4.The nursery takes good care of our children .5.Ill return the book to you tomorrow .6.We are sure that we shall succeed .7.The woman with a baby in her arms is his other .8.There are many film that Id like to see.9.Have you met the person about whom he was speaking ?10.I have a lot of work to do .11. Anyway I wont stop you from doing it .12. I said it in fun .13. We can send a car over to fetch you .14. She had to work standing up .15. Seeing this ,some comrades became very worried .16. Much interested , he agreed to give it a try .17. The bus arrived ten minutes late .18. We should serve the people heart and soul.19. Spring coming on , the tree turned green .20. Some farmers saw something strange in the sky .21. We think it necessary that everyone should attend the meeting .22. Its strange that she doesnt come today .23. It was in the library that I come today .24. He likes drawing at times when he isnt working .25. We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door. 句子成分练习题( 二 ) A1、 _ six years since I began to study English.A. It is B. I have been C. There are D. It was 2 、_ in the room at that time.A. Nobody was B. Someone were C. Who is D. He are 3 、IT'S very noisy outside. _ is going on? A. Who B. What C. Which D. Where 4、 _ in English in class every day is important.A. Speak B. Talking C. Saying D. To tell5 、There must be_ near the factory.A. a book store B. book store C. books store D. books stores6 、Although it's raining hard, _ are still working in the fields.A. but they B. and they C. they D. since they B1、 The doctor as well as the nurses _ great concern for the patients.A. show B. shows C. have shown D. are showing 2、 Your son must be a clever boy, _ he?A. is B. isn't C. must D. mustn't 3、 The computer center, _ last year, is very popular among students in this school.A. open B. opening C. opened D. being opened 4 、I _ go to the shop today, for there is a lot of food at home.A. mustn't B. had to C. can't D. needn't 5 、Don't _ excited.A. get B. is C. seem D. look 6 This room _ every morning.A. is cleaning B. is cleaned C. cleans D. cleaning C1、 Glad to meet you! _ is your full name?A. What B. Where C. How D. Who 2、 He is _ to lift the heavy box.A. too weak B. weak tooC. enough weak D. weak enough3、 The days are _ warmer and warmer in spring.A. getting B. looking C. seeming D. going 4 、His job is_English.A. teach B. to teach C. taught D. teaches 5 、Two balls are_.A. under the desk B. in the wall C. to here D. at desks D1 、We should get ready_ others.A. helping B. to help C. help D. help with 2、 _interesting work we are doing?A. What a B. How C. What D. What an 3、 I want_ a teacher when I grow up (-fx;fc).A. to be B. to C. be D. being 4、 -Would you like to go on a picnic with me today?-I don't think so. To be honest, I really don't feel like_on apicnic.A. going B. to go C. go D. went 5 Do you know_?A. where does he live B. where he livesC. where he live D. if where he lives 6 Let _ do it again.A. I B. me C. he D. she 7 I don't know_.A. how to do B. what to do C. where to do D. when to do E 1、 I saw him _ basketball with Jack an hour ago.A. plays B. to play C. played D. play o 2、 Sorry, we've kept you_ for a long time.A. waited B. sing C. stand D. waiting 3 、The teacher told us _ late again.A. aren't be B. don't be C. not to be D. not be 4 、We find the room very_.A. warm B. warmly C. terribly D. hardly F1 、I found _ difficult to work together with him.A. it B. its C. that D. those 2 、We all know _ our duty to clean our classroom after school every day.A. that B. this C. which D. it 3、 He found _ very interesting to play with the little dog.A. what B. it C. / D. that