英国文学简史期末考试复习要点.doc

一、中世纪文学（约5世纪1485） 贝奥武甫（Beowulf） 高文爵士和绿衣骑士（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer) “英国诗歌之父”。（Father of English Poetry） 坎特伯雷故事（The Canterbury Tales ）二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期17世纪初） 托马斯·莫尔 （Thomas More ） 乌托邦（Utopia） 埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser） 仙后（The Faerie Queene) 弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon） 论说文集（Essays) 克里斯托弗·马洛 Christopher Marlowe 帖木儿大帝（Tamburlaine） 浮士德博士的悲剧（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus） 马耳他岛的犹太人（The Jew of Malta ） 威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare ）哈姆莱特（Hamlet） SONNET18三、17世纪文学约翰·弥尔顿 John Milton 失乐园（Paradise Lost） 约翰·班扬（John Bunyan） 天路历程（The Pilgrims Progress） 四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期18世纪中期）18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。亚历山大·蒲柏（Alexander Pope）是新古典主义诗歌的代表。 乔纳森·斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift 格列佛 丹尼尔·笛福 Daniel Defoe 英国小说之父 鲁滨孙漂流记（Robinson Crusoe） 亨利·菲尔丁 Henry Fielding 汤姆·琼斯（Tom Jones） 乔纳森·斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift 格列佛游记 Gullivers Travels 亨利·菲尔丁 Henry Fielding 汤姆·琼斯（Tom Jones） 托马斯·格雷 Thomas Gray 墓园哀歌（Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard ） 五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832） 罗伯特·彭斯 Robert Burns 威廉·布莱克 William Blake 威廉·华兹华斯 William Wordsworth 塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 抒情歌谣集（Lyrical Ballads ）一. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages中世纪文学（约5世纪1485)<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated. e.g. Homers Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features: 1. Using alliteration Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵） Some examples on P5 2. Using metaphor and understatement Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里乔叟1340(?)1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作坎特伯雷故事集。)The father of English poetry.It is _alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive (综合的，广泛的)realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. ( A )A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Matin Luther C. William Langland D. John Gowerwriting style: wisdom, humor, humanity. <The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use heroic couplet(双韵体) by middle EnglishMedieval Ages popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)Famous three：King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfII The Renaissance Period文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期17世纪初） A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Two features1. a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature 2. the keen interest in the activities of humanity.The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts:(1) to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, (2) to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, (3) to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.Three historical events of the Renaissance rebirth or revival:1. new discoveries in geography and astrology2. the religious reformation and economic expansion3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists: Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.English Renaissance:the early 16th century to the early 17th century. 1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙斯宾塞15521599（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。） The poets poet. The first to be buried in the Poets corner of Westerminster Abbey12. Which of the following statements is not the reason for that Edmund Spenser is famous for “the poets poet”? ( B ) A. Spensers idealism B. his struggle for criteria C. his love of beauty D. his exquisite melody     <The Faerie Queen>仙后(for Queen Elizabeth)The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”.Artistic features:1. Using Spenserian StanzaDefinition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic hexameter. <The Shepherds Calendar>牧人日历The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind.2.  Thomasl More托马斯莫尔14781535One of the greatest English humanists<Utopia>乌托邦n3.  Francisl Bacon弗兰西斯培根15611626（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。）Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.nWriting style:brevity, compactness&powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to mans reason.<The Advancement of Learning>学术的推进<Essays>随笔(famous quotas: <Of studies>)nThe theme of Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies.5. Christopherl Marlowe柯里斯托弗马洛15641595“University Wits”, the pioneer of English drama（完善了无韵体诗。）Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.14. Marlowe gave new vigor to _ with his “mighty lines” ( D ) A. the Petrarchan sonnet B. sestina C. terza rima D. blank verse <The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus>浮士德博士的悲剧（根据德国民间故事书写成） <Tamburlaine>帖木耳大帝n  <The Jew of Malta>马耳他的犹太人6.  William Shakespeare威廉莎士比亚15641616l Four Comedies: <As You Like It>皆大欢喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜; <A Midsummer NightS Dream>仲夏夜之梦; <Merchant Of Venice>威尼斯商人Four Tragedies: <Hamlet>哈姆莱特; <Othello>奥赛罗; <King Lear>李尔王; <Macbeth>麦克白Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets>Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.III The 17th Century17世纪文学  1. John Milton约翰弥尔顿16081674（诗人、政论家;失明后写 失乐园、复乐园、力士参孙。）Epics: <Paradise Lost>失乐园n <Paradisen Regained>复乐园Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士参孙2.  John Bunyan约翰班扬16281688（代表作天路历程，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的神曲、奥古斯丁的忏悔录并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。）Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人)Religionary Allegory:<The Pilgrims Progress>天路历程n3. John Donne the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poets beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）Artistic features:1. conceits or imagery奇思妙喻The Flea 虱子Valediction:<Forbidding Mourning>IV The 18th Century启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期18世纪中期）：Enlightenment同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架，并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，与音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracyThe Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说)1.  Alexander Pope亚历山大蒲柏16881744（18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/ “ heroic couplets”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。）As a representative of the Enlightenment， Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England.Eg. Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, who was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England? ( C ) A. John Bunyan B. Daniel Defoe C. Alexander Pope D. Jonathan Swift <An Essay on Criticism>批评论nArtistic features:1.Using “heroic couplets” <The Rape of the Lock>卷发遇劫记 <Moral Essays>道德论<Essay on Man>人论n<The Dunciad>愚人记3. Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特16671745（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家a master satirist。） <Gullivers Travels>格列佛游记(fictional work)Four parts:Lilliput 小人国 Brobdingnag 大人国Flying Island 飞岛 Houyhnhnm 马岛<A Modest Proposal>一个小小的建议n <The Battle of Books>书战 <A Tale of a Tub>木桶的故事n <The Drappers Letters>一个麻布商的书信4. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔笛福16601731（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。）lHe is the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel. <Robinsonn Crusoe>鲁宾逊漂流记It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan. Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England.5. Henry Fielding亨利菲尔丁17071754（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父” 。）He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. novels:<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling>弃婴汤姆琼斯<The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews>约瑟夫安德鲁<The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild, the Great>大诗人江奈生威尔德7.   Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德布林斯利施莱登17511816 <The Rivals>情敌n <The Schooln for Scandal>造谣学校8. William Blake威廉布莱克17571827 <Songs of Innocence>天真之歌A happy and innocent world from childrens eye. <Songs of Experience>经验之歌A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes.Include:  <The Chimney Sweeper><London><The Tyger>Lamb is a symbol of peace and purityTyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence9. Robert Burns罗伯特彭斯17591796The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗 <A Red, Red Rose>一朵红红的玫瑰n <Auld Longn Syne>往昔时光 <A Mans a Man for AThat>不管那一套n <My Hearts in then Highlands>我的心在那高原上V The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832）The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridges <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scotts death.Romanticism:It emphasize the special quality of each individuals mind.(人应该是独立自由的个体)In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic).“The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district.William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey1. William Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯17701850（与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。 The Lake Poets） <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge) <I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud> Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge fullof peace”2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.Comment:The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poets philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts. Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女 <The Prelude>序曲2.  Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔泰勒科尔律治17721834        The Lake Poets <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner>古舟子颂 <Christabel>柯里斯塔贝尔 <Kubla Khan>忽必烈汗Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory <Frost at Night>半夜冰霜 <Dejection, an Ode>忧郁颂 <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with William Wordsworth)3.  George Gordon Byron乔治戈登拜伦17881824（拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德·哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。）l“Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. <Don Juan>唐璜<Childe Harolds Pilgrimage>恰尔德哈罗德尔游记4.  Persy Bysshe Shelley波西比希雪莱17921822 Poetic Drama：<Prometheus Unbound>解放了的普罗米修斯Theme: the drama celebraies mans victory over tyranny and oppression <Queen Mab>麦布女王<Revolt of Islam>伊斯兰的反叛<A Defence of Poetry>诗辩<The Necessity of Atheism>无神论的必要性 Lyrics: <Ode to the West Wind>西风颂Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies.Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life.Artistic features:Using rerza rima(三行诗aba bcb cdc ded efe )    5.  Johnl Keats约翰济慈17951821 (“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。)    Four great odes: <Ode on a Grecian Urn>希腊古瓮颂<Ode to a Nightingale>夜莺颂<Ode to Psyche>心灵颂<Ode On Melancholy> 忧郁颂 <To Autumn>秋颂nTheme: The theme of John Keats' poem, "To Autumn", is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader.Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usually yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poem's three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day.6.  Jane Austen简奥斯丁17751817lShe compared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire. <Sense and Sensibility>理智与感情<Pride and Prejudic> 傲慢与偏见(chapter I)【Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy】in the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved【Collins & Charlotte Lucas】see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a woman is to avoid the wretchedness of aging spinsterhood【Lydia & Wickham】shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money.【Mr.&Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh】comic characters<Mansfield P