英语词性地分类及用法.doc
英语词性的分类及用法一、词性的分类词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分成十个大类。 1 名词 noun n. student 学生 2 代词 pronoun pron. you 你3 形容词 adjective adj. happy 高兴的4 副词 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地5 动词 verb v. cut 砍、割6 数词 numeral num. three 三7 冠词 article art. a 一个8 介词 preposition prep. at 在.9 连词 conjunction conj. and 和10 感叹词 interjection interj. oh 哦前六类叫实词,后四类叫虚词。二、名词名词概论名词专有名词普通名词个体名词可数名词集体名词物质名词不可数名词抽象名词名词复数的规则变化 情况构成方法例词一般情况加 -smap-maps bag-bagscar-cars以s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词加 -esbus-buses watch-watchesce, se, ze, (d)ge等结尾的词加 -slicense-licenses以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y 为i再加esbaby-babies名词的格 在英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下:1) 单数名词词尾加"'s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加"'s",如the boy's bag 男孩的书包,men's room 男厕所。2) 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加"'",如:the workers' struggle工人的斗争。3) 凡不能加"'s"的名词,都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系,如:the title of the song 歌的名字。4) 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barber's 理发店。5) 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示"分别有";只有一个's,则表示'共有'。 如:John's and Mary's room(两间)John and Mary's room(一间)6) 复合名词或短语,'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。 如:a month or two's absence三、代词代词pronoun简称pron是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种人称代词的用法: I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(her做宾语,them做介词宾语,her作主补) a. - Who broke the vase?-谁打碎了花瓶? b. - Me.-我。(me作主语补语= It's me.) 并列人称代词的排列顺序 1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:第二人称 > 第三人称 > 第一人称you > he/she; it -> I2) 复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:第一人称 > 第二人称 > 第三人称we>you >They 反身代词 1) Iyouyoushehemyselfyourselfyourselvesherselfhimselfwetheyitoneourselvesthemselvesitselfoneself指示代词 指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词, 疑问代词 指人: who, whom, whose指物: what既可指人又可指物: which 代词比较辩异one, that和it one表示泛指,that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而it 与所指名词为同一个。I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定)The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个)I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.( 同一物) 四、冠词冠词是印欧语系和闪含语系的诸语中,位于名词或名词词组之前或之后,在句子里主要是对名词起限定作用的词。冠词是一种虚词。 不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源,是"一个"的意思。 定冠词的用法 定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有"那(这)个"的意思。1)特指双方都明白的人或物:Take the medicine.把药吃了。2)上文提到过的人或事: He bought a house. I've been to the house.3)指世上独一物二的事物:the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth 4)单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:the dollar 美元;the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only, very, same等前面: Where do you live? I live on the second floor.你住在哪?我住在二层。6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体:They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师)7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前:She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前:the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国9)用在表示乐器的名词之前:She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:the Greens格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)11) 用在惯用语中:in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening),the day after tomorrowthe day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water,field,country)in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of),in the end,on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre 零冠词的用法 冠词与形容词+名词结构 1) 两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。 He raises a black and a white cat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。2) 如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。He raises a black and white cat.他养了一只花猫。 冠词位置 1) 不定冠词位置 不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意:a. 位于下列形容词之后: such,what,many,half,such an animal; Many a manb. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后:It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.c. quite,rather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。但当rather,quite 前仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均可。如:quite a lot d. 在as,though 引导的让步状语从句中,当标语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后: Brave a man though he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes. 当名词被比较级形容词修饰时,不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。2) 定冠词位置 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all, both,double,half,twice,three times等词之后,名词之前。All the students in the class went out.班里的所有学生都出去了。 五、数词表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。数词的用法1)倍数表示法 a. 主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+ as + adj. + asI have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。 b. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ the size (amount,length) ofThe earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。 c. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ 形容词(副词)比较级+ than The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.d. 还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍 The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.2)分数表示法构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数:1/3 one-third ; 3/37 three and three-sevenths六、形容词及其用法 形容词(adjective),简称adj.或a.,很多语言中均有的主要词类中的一种。主要用来修饰名词的词,表示事物的特征。形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态,和特征的程度好坏,与否。形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如:something nice 以-ly结尾的形容词 1)friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。 daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily.用形容词表示类别和整体 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) -出处-材料性质,类别-名词 a small round table;a tall gray building;a dirty old brown shirt;a famous German medical school典型例题:1) Tony is going camping with _ boys.A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two答案:C。2)One day they crossed the _bridge behind the palace.A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old答案A. 3) - How was your recent visit to Qingdao?- It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the _days at the seaside.A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last答案:B。 七、副词及其基本用法副词(adverb,简写为adv)是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词是一种半虚半实的词。副词可分为:地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词和连接副词。副词的排列顺序:时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。 I don't know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat. 兼有两种形式的副词 1) close与closelyclose意思是"近"; closely 意思是"仔细地"He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely.2)late 与lately late意思是"晚"; lately 意思是"最近"You have come too late. What have you been doing lately? 形容词与副词的比较级 1) 规则变化可修饰比较级的词a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等典型例题:1)- Are you feeling _? - Yes,I'm fine now.A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better答案:B. any 可修饰比较级,quite修饰原级,well的比较级为better. 2)The experiment was_ easier than we had expected.A. more B. much more C. much D. more much答案:C. much可修饰比较级,因此B,C都说得通,但easier本身已是比较级,不需more,因此C为正确答案。3)If there were no examinations, we should have _ at school.A. the happiest time B. a more happier timeC. much happiest time D. a much happier time答案:D。 典型例题1)The weather in China is different from_.A. in America B. one in America C. America D. that in America 答案:D. 本题意为"中国的天气比美国热。"比较的是天气而不是国家,C不能选。A没有名词,后句成分不全,排除。B和D中,B中的one常用来代替可数名词,而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词,所以选D。2)After the new technique was introduced,the factory produced _ tractors in 1988 as the year before. A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as 答案C. 此句意为"这个厂1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍"。 表示倍数用"倍数+ as + 形容词原形+ as +比较对象"的句型。所以此句答案为C。This ruler is three times as long as that one八、动词动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词(Transitive Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。 在英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语,可以把动词分成两种:及物动词与不及物动词。 及物动词 vt. 字典里词后标有vi. 的就是不及物动词。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象(即宾语)。若要跟宾语,必须先在其后添加上某个介词,如to,of ,at后方可跟上宾语。 及物动词: 又称“他动词”。又称“外动词”。动词的一种。它所表示的动作常涉及动作者以外的事物,如“吃”、“穿”、“读”、“写”等。字典里词后标有vt. 的就是及物动词。及物动词后必须跟有动作的对象(即宾语),并且可直接跟宾语。不及物动词:字典里词后标有vi. 的就是不及物动词。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象(即宾语)。若要跟宾语,必须先在其后添加上某个介词,如to,of ,at后方可跟上宾语。具体每个动词后究竟加什么介词就得联系动词短语了系动词 1)状态系动词:用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:He is a teacher. 2)持续系动词:用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。3)表像系动词:用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:He looks tired.他看起来很累。4)感官系动词:感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:This kind of cloth feels very soft. This flower smells very sweet.5)变化系动词:这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如:He became mad after that.自那之后,他疯了。6)终止系动词:表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实","变成"之意,例如:The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。 非谓语动词1)不定式时态语态主动被动一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done2)动名词时态语态主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done3)分词时态语态主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done否定形式: not +不定式,not + 动名词,not + 现在分词 十、连词连词是一种虚词, 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, bothand, not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor, (and)then等等。 notbut 意思为"不是而是" not 和but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则。 They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being. 比较so和 such其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many,few,much, little连用,形成固定搭配。so + adj.such + a(n) + n.so + adj. + a(n) + n.such + n. (pl.)so + adj. + n. (pl.)such +n. (pl.)so + adj. + n. 不可数such +n. 不可数so foolish ;such a fool so nice a flower;such a nice flowerso many/ few flowers;such nice flowers so much/little money;such rapid progressso many people ;such a lot of people 十一、介词介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词,一、概念:1)介词(是prepositions,简称prep),又称前置词,是英语中最活跃的词类之一,连接主语和表语。特别是一些常用介词的搭配力特别强,可以用来表示各种不同的意思。英语里大部分习语都是由介词和其他词构成的。介词在句中一般不重读。在定语从句“介词+who/which”的结构中,不能用that 代替who/which。She is a good student from who we should learn. 2)介词的种类 介词分简单介词和短语介词两种,简单介词及单个介词,如 in ,under ,on ,for ,after ,等,短语介词指多个单词构成的介词,如in front of ,out of ,instead of ,far from ,apart from 等。 二.相关知识点精讲介词口诀:自从以当为按照,由于对于为了到;和跟把比在关于,除了同对向往朝;用在名词代词前,修饰名代要记牢。. 省略介词的几种情况1、表示时间的短语中如果有next,last,one,this,every,each,some,any,all等单词时,不用介词 Can you come to see me next Monday?下周一你能来看我吗? We got married last year 我们去年结的婚。 You can come any day you like 你哪一天来都行。 2、在口语中,星期名称前得on常被省略 Why dont you come and play(on)Sunday evening?星期日晚上到我家来玩不好吗? 3、在不定冠词a或an(a或an的意思是“每一.”)的短语中,不用介词。 three meals a day 一日三餐 thirty miles an hour 每小时三十英里 4、在what time前的at经常被省略,尤其在口语中。 (At)what time did she say she was coming?她说她几点钟来? 5、含有height(高度),length(长度),size(尺码),shape(现状),age(年龄),colour(颜色),weight(重量)等词语在句子中做表语时,短语前不用介词。 She is just the right height to be a model 她的身高正合适当模特。 What size are your shoes? 你的鞋是多大号的? Her bag is the same color as mine 她的包和我的包颜色一样 6、在in the same way,in this way,in another way等短语中,in常常被省略 Please try it again (in)the same way 请用同样的方法再试一次 7、在表示持续一段时间的短语中,for常被省略 They stayed there (for)six months 他们在那里待了6个月 时态名称结构常连用的词主要用法例句一般现在时1 be动词用am/is/are表示,之后接名词,形容词或介词。often;usually;every;sometimes;always;never;once/twice/ a week/month/year;on Sundays/Mondays/.;一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的习惯性的动作或状态,或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态陈述句:I am an office worker.He is so lazy.They are at home now.否定句: I am not Tim.She is not very beautiful.They are not in the office.一般疑问句:Are you an office assistant? Is she beautiful?2 行为动词用V原形或V-s/es,引导疑问句和否定句,用do或dont;第三人称时用does或doesnt,有does出现动词用原形;第三人称陈述句V后加s或es.陈述句:I work in Shanghai.He works at home.Davy never watches TV at home.否定句: I dont like the food in KFC.Davy doesnt like the food in KFC either.一般疑问句:Do you want a cup of coffee? Does she live near the subway station?一般过去时。1be动词用过去式was或 were表示。yesterday;the day before yesterday;last week/month/year/.; ago;a moment ago;just now;on/in+过去的时间;在过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。陈述句:I was a big boss.He was beautiful.We were in Beijing last year.否定句: I was not at home at that moment.We were not at work yesterday.一般疑问句: Were you a teacher?Was she in the office last week?2行为动词用V-ed,陈述句,疑问句和否定句借助于did,有did出现动词用原形。陈述句:I worked in Sunmoon.We studied English there. He lived in HongKong.否定句: I didnt work here.They didnt see me. She liked English a lot.一般疑问句: Did you go to America?Did he work in Sunmoon?时态名称结构常连用的词主要用法例句一般将来时1 任何人称+will+V原形.tomorrow,the day after tomorrow;soon;next week/month/year/.;the week/month/year/. after next;on/in +将来的时间;in+一段时间;.即将发生动作或状态。陈述句:I will fly to KongKong tomorrow.He will go with us.We will arrive in Shanghai next week.否定句:I will never believe you again.He will not come tonight.We will not buy a car next year.一般疑问句:Will you go there by train?Will he come tomorrow?Will they live a five-star hotel?2 is/am/are+going to+V原形,表示计划打算做什么事情。陈述句:Im going to go to Kongkong by air.否定句:We are not going to buy a house here.一般疑问句:Are they going to change their jobs?特殊疑问句:How are you going to tell him?过去将来时was/were going to +V原形多用在宾语从句中在过去将会发生的动作。陈述句:I was going to buy a computer.They told me that they were not going to go abroad.否定句:I was not going to buy a computer.任何人称+would +V原形He said he would come in in Shanghai.I said I would buy you a car one day.时态名称结构常连用的词主要用法例句现在进行时is/am/are+V-ingnow;at present;at the moment;Look!(放在句首);Listen! (放在句首);表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。陈述句:Im waiting for my boy friend.He is doing the housework at home now.We are enjoying ourselves.否定句:He is not playing toys.一般疑问句:Are you having dinner at home?Is Tim cooking in the kitchen?特殊疑问句:What are you doing now?Where are they having a meal?过去进行时was/were+V-ingat that time;at this time yesterday;at+时间点+yesterday/last night;at that moment;过去一段时间正在发生的动作。陈述句:I was doing my homework at that time.We were having a party while he was sleeping.否定句:He was not sleeping