虚拟语气讲解.doc

虚拟语气英语动词有三种语气， 陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气。一、陈述语气 (The Indicative Mood): 用来陈述一个事实，或提出一种看法，有肯定、 否定、疑问或感叹等形式。 The sun is larger than the earth. Does Tom usually get up very early? What a clever boy!二、祈使语气(The Imperative Mood) 用来表示请求、邀请、命令、警告或劝告等。Wait outside until you are asked .Lets just take a break, shall we ？The Subjective Mood虚拟语气虚拟语气表示说话人的某种假设、愿望、怀疑、猜测、建议等含义，即动词所表示的动作或状态并非事实，或不可能实现 。Look at the sentences and tell when we use the Subjunctive Mood.1.If I were you, I would go there. 假设2.I wish I were a bird flying in the sky. 愿望3.I suggested he go there. 建议4.God bless you. 愿望一 与现在事实相反:连接词-从句谓语形式-主句谓语形式if-1.动词过去式(或were)-should/ would /could/ might+动词原形 2.助动词（过去式）+动词原形If I were you, I should stay at home.If I had the time, I would make a trip to Italy to see the Leaning tower.二 与过去事实相反连接词-从句谓语形式-主句谓语形式 if-had+过去分词-should/ would/could/might + have+过去分词If you had come yesterday, you would have met him. (come)If the hurricane had happened during the daytime， there would have been many deaths.(happen)三 与将来事实相反连接词-从句谓语形式-主句谓语形式if-1.should+动词原形-should/ would/ could/ might +动词原形 2.动词过去式 3.were to+动词原形 If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting. (have)If it were to/should rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off. (rain)四、虚拟语气的几种特殊用法从句省略 if, 用倒装句式"were, had, should+主语”Were I in school again, I would work harder.Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him. Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would come.用介词短语代替条件状语从句。Without air, there would be no living things. I would not have succeeded but for your help.有时条件从句中的动作和结果从句中的动作发生的时间不一致，如：If he had followed the doctors advice, he would be quite all right now.虚拟语气用于宾语从句1.Wish 引导的宾语从句与现在 事实相反 过去时（were）与过去事实相反 had+过去分词与将来 事实相反 would/could/might+动词原形I wish I were a bird.I wish he hadnt done that. (do)I wish I would be rich in the future. advise等引导的宾语从句从句中用“should + 动词原形”构成。而且should可以省去。用于此结构的动词有：advise, require, demand, decide, command, insist, order, propose, request, suggest, intend等。1. The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.2. He insisted that we (should) tell him the news.Step3 ExercisesMultiple choices1. If he had not lost his money, he _ the piano last week. A .would buy B. had bought C. could have bought D. bought2. I dont think that I shall fail. But if I _, I would try again. A. fail B. would fail C. should fail D. had failed3. I wish I _ able to tell him all about it last night.A. was B. were C. had been D. should be4. The man insisted that he _ there.A. should send B. would be sent C. sent D. be sent5. The teacher demanded that the exam _ before eleven.A. must finish B. would be finished C. be finished D. must be finished6._ today, he would get there by Friday.A. Would he leave B. Was he leavingC. Were he to leave D. If he leave7. Should it rain, the crops _.A. would be saved B. would have been savedC. will be saved D. had been saved8. You _ come earlier. The bus left a moment ago.A. would B. should have C. may D. have9. I _ you some money, but I hadnt any on me then.A. would lend B. would have lent C. could lend D. may have lent10. A few minutes earlier and we _ the rain.A. have caught B. had caught C. could have caught D. were to catch11.- “Have you ever been to Beijing?” - “No, but I wish I _”A. have B. will C. do D. had12.We _ the work on time without your help.A. hadnt had finished B. didnt have finishedC. couldnt have finished D. cant have finishedKeys: CCCD CCAB BCDC一、相关知识点讲解1） 概念 虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。2） 在条件句中的应用 条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。16.1 真实条件句真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中 if 是如果的意思。时态关系句型： 条件从句-主句 一般现在时-shall/will + 动词原形If he comes, he will bring his violin.典型例题The volleyball match will be put off if it _.A.will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。注意：1） 在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.(错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.(对) If you leave now, you will never regret it.2） 表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall (will) +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。16.2 非真实条件句1）时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。a. 同现在事实相反的假设。句型 ： 条件从句主句一般过去时should( would) +动词原形 If they were here, they would help you.b. 表示于过去事实相反的假设。句型： 条件从句 主句过去完成时 should(would) have+ 过去分词 If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded. The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful. If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going. If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it. 含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it. If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress. 含义： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.c. 表示对将来的假想句型： 条件从句-主句 一般过去时-should+ 动词原形 were+ 不定式-would + 动词原形 should+ 动词原形If you succeeded, everything would be all right.If you should succeed, everything would be all right.If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.16.3 混合条件句主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).16.4 虚拟条件句的倒装虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。 Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us. Had you come earlier, you would have met him=If you had come earlier, you would have met him. Should it rain, the crops would be saved.=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.注意： 在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was， 即在从句中be用were代替。 If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。 If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。典型例题_ to do the work, I should do it some other day.A. If were I B. I wereC. Were ID. Was I 答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren't I to do.16.5虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用1） It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should 加动词原形， should 可省略。句型：(1)suggestedIt is (2)important-that+ (should) do(3) a pity(1)suggested, ordered, proposed, required, demanded, requested, insisted； + (should) do(2)important, necessary, natural, strangea pity, a shame, no wonder(3)It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week. It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.2）在宾语从句中的应用在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + (should) do I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week. He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.注意： 如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。 The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.判断改错:（错）You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill. (对) Your pale face suggests that you are ill. (错) I insisted that you ( should) be wrong. (对) I insisted that you were wrong.3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。 My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference. I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.16.6 wish的用法1）用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为： 真实状况-wish后 从句动作先于主句动词动作-现在时-过去时（be的过去式为 were） 从句动作与主句动作同时发生-过去时-过去完成时（had + 过去分词）将来不大可能实现的愿望-将来时-would/could +动词原形I wish I were as tall as you.我希望和你一样高。He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。2）Wish to do表达法。 Wish sb / sth to do I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager. I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)16.7 比较if only与only ifonly if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。If only the alarm clock had rung.当时闹钟响了，就好了。If only he comes early.但愿他早点回来。16.8 It is (high) time thatIt is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。 It is time that the children went to bed. It is high time that the children should go to bed.16.9 need 在虚拟语气中的用法didn't need to do表示： 过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.needn't have done表示： 过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。)典型例题There was plenty of time. She _.A. mustn't have hurried B. couldn't have hurriedC. must not hurry D. needn't have hurried答案D。needn't have done. 意为"本不必"，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。Mustn't have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done, "不可能已经"。 must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时）。虚拟语气释疑 第一部分：语气的定义和种类1 语气(mood)语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。2 语气的种类、陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗？How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊！、祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如：Never be late again!再也不要迟到了。Dont forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。、虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如：If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。May you succeed!祝您成功！虚拟语气在语法里算得上是个难点。让我们就从最简单的开始吧。第二部分：简单句中的虚拟语气一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用于日常会话中。如：.Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗？.It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。二、表祝愿。1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。、May good luck be yours!祝你好运！、May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。、May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。、May you be happy. (注意那个be ) 祝你幸福。2、用动词原形。例如：(1).Long live the people! 人民万岁！(2).“God bless you,”said the priest.牧师说：“愿上帝保佑你！”(3).Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！三、表示强烈愿望。（该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形，第三人称单数也不加“s”）(1).God save me.(2).Heaven help us.四、表命令1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you)，而且通常省略主语(也就是you)。2.句子尾通常加上感叹号：！3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple Present)，如：work, be , go4.否定形式的命令语气，可用助动词do，加上not。(1). Work !(2). Work harder !(3). Be more alert ! (虚拟语气动词Be)(4). You go out !(5). Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气)(6). Don't be afraid. (口语中常用don't 代替do not)五、在一些习惯表达中。如：(1).Youd better set off now.你最好现在就出发。(2).Id rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。第三部分：名词性从句中的虚拟语气第一节：宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虚拟语气一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气，常省去宾语从句的引导词that。一）、对现在情况的虚拟（与现在的事实相反）：从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语be和were(was)，实义动词用过去式。例：1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能)4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家)5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood)现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂)6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起)二）、对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）：用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，或would, could, might+现在完成时。例：1. I wish (that可省略，下同)I hadn't wasted so much time.我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)3. We wished he had spoken to us.(wished，had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲)4. I wish you had called earlier.(wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了)5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner.(will wish,had + listened)(事实上并不如此)例题分析：I wish I _ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.A. could have slept B. sleptC. might have slept D. have slept动词wish后面接从句，表达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即用过去式（表示现在发生的动作）或过去完成式（表示过去发生的动作）。本题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时hadto get up and come, 所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以, 选项A)could have slept是答案三）、对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望)：从句动词"would/should/could/might + 动词原形"(时间上较后)(请注意：主句和从句的主语不相同)。用wish表示对将来事情的愿望。例：1. I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词would+动词原形stop)我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到)4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)我希望她会改变主意。(呵呵，女孩子可没那么容易就改变主意喔)5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)(只是希望我们和他在一起，实际上还没在一起)四）、注意：1.如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。例如：I wished I hadn't spent so much money.我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。2. 如果that 从句中用would , 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求I wish he would answer my letter.I wish prices would come down.I wish you would help me.I wish you would stop asking silly questions.二、在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气由于这些动词本身隐含说话者的主观意见，认为某事应该或不应该怎样，这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气，且均以“should+动词原形”表示这种语气，但事实上“should”常被省略，故此从句中谓语动词用原形，常用的此类动词有：表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg表示“提议、劝告、建议”的：move, prpose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote表示“决定、命令”的：decide, order表示“主张”的：maintain, urge表示“同意、坚持”的：consent, insist例如：1.The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.2.He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news.3.When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ”(当我建议他用刮胡膏时，他说“剃刀和水就行了”。)4.He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. (他费了几天功夫寻找理论根据，直到我建议拆开看看它是如何转动的。)5.One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an Englishspeaking country. (我们建议学生应在说英语的国家呆上两三年。)在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中虚拟语气很普遍，其结构如：order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +. (should) do6.I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.7.He insisted that he (shou