高中历史论文：初探重农抑商政策始末.doc
初探重农抑商政策始末引言：重农抑商政策是中国历代王朝采用的最基本的经济政策，其主张是重视农业，以农为本，限制工商业的发展。它作为一项完整的政策，最初萌芽于战国时期。从商鞅变法规定的奖励耕战、禁止弃农经商的原则，这一政策长期得到继承，并对中国古代的经济社会发展产生深远影响。在社会主义市场经济的今天，为寻求经济社会的可持续发展，以史为鉴，探究重农抑商政策的始末显的尤为重要。现本人对此进行初步探讨，供大家商榷。关键词：重农抑商 闭关锁国 小农经济 资本主义萌芽首先重农抑商政策的出现适应了历史发展的需要。重农抑商政策的出台主要是为了解决社会上出现商业与农业争夺劳动力、影响农业生产、甚至危及封建统治等问题。根本上是为了适应自给自足的封建经济的需要。保护农业生产和小农经济，确保赋税征派和地租征收, 巩固封建统治。其次中国古代从战国始一贯实行重农抑商政策，这从古代的文化中表现明显，中国古代农书较多如范胜之书：西汉范胜之撰写，是我国现存最早的农书；如四民月令是东汉后期关于农事活动安排的专书；如齐民要术是北魏贾思勰著的现存最早最完整的农书；如农桑辑要是元朝向全国颁发指导农业的书籍；如农政全书为明末徐光启著，综合介绍了我国传统农学成就，建立了比较完整的农学体系，并介绍了欧洲先进的水利技术和工具；又如天工开物是明末宋应星著，总结了明代农业、手工业的生产技术，还收录了一些国外传来的技术，国外称它为“中国17世纪的工艺百科全书”。再次重农抑商政策不是一成不变的，而是随历史发展为适应社会的布点发展而不断变革。重农抑商政策发展过程中的一些表现为多种形式，如政治上的开明之举与轻刑罚，或经济上的完善制度与轻徭薄赋，或民族关系上的华夷一体与重交往等。战国时期, 由商鞅在秦国首倡，商鞅变法提出重农抑商，奖励耕织。西汉：汉武帝推行货币官铸、盐铁酒专卖、官营贩运、物价管理以及向工商业者加重征税等对私营工商业是一个沉重的打击, 在一定程度上抑制了富商大贾的势力。隋唐实行的均田制和租庸调制，唐朝政府设置市令或市长，对市场交易进行严格管理，并对市的买卖规模和时间都有限定；北宋王安石变法中的一些措施(募役法和方田均税法)有意解决农民负担过重的问题；明清两朝封建政府依然固守重农抑商政策, 继续实行专卖制度, 政府设立众多关卡，对商业收重税，对民营商业加征商税。对外实行“海禁”和闭关锁国政策，禁止或限制海外贸易。最后重农抑商政策在历史发展过程中扮演了不同的角色中国古代王朝采取这种政策，归根到底是由其经济基础决定的。中国传统社会的经济基础是自给自足的自然经济，这种经济的主要部门是农业。农业是古代决定性的生产部门，提供给人们最基本的生活资料，农业生产的状况直接关系到国家的兴衰存亡。为此，历代统治者都把农业当作根本性的大事来抓，采取一系列督促、鼓励、组织农业生产的措施，在国家经济政策上向有利于农业发展的方向倾斜。通过发展农业，专制主义王朝可以征收稳定的土地税来保证财政收入，还有利于社会稳定，将农民紧紧束缚在土地上。统治者认为，工商业的发展会加剧劳动力从土地上流失，造成种种社会问题。因此，重农抑商、以农立国就成为中国历代王朝的传统治国主张。重农抑商政策在封建社会初期对当时农业以及社会经济的发展，对新兴地主阶级政权的巩固起到了积极作用。如商鞅变法积极推行农战方针，鼓励发展农业生产，从而促进了秦国的经济实力不断增强，为后来秦始皇统一六国奠定了物质基础。西汉初期实行重农抑商政策，调动了农民的生产积极性，有利于汉初经济的恢复与发展。但是，随着历史的发展，重农抑商政策的弊端日益暴露。自然经济阻碍社会分工，难以形成完全意义上的商品生产。随着农业和手工业的发展，产品的流通和交易又是必然的，抑商政策阻碍了产品的流通和工商业的正常发展，打乱了社会经济结构的内部平衡，妨碍了经济的进一步发展。特别是到了明清时期，这一政策的消极作用就更明显。明朝中后期，生产力水平提高，商品经济空前活跃，资本主义萌芽已经出现，在这种形势下，统治者依然把商业和农业对立起来，采取各种措施，极力压制和束缚资本主义发展。抑商的结果迫使商业资本流向土地，在一定程度上加剧了土地兼并，严重影响了商业资本积累，从而阻碍了资本主义萌芽的成长，违反了经济发展规律，这样就失去了其产生之初的进步性。重农抑商政策在一定意义上可以看作中国社会落后的原因之一。1待添加的隐藏文字内容10ZQSCP511000000000000000000000000KXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83KXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLasastPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8KXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcQU8KXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUczDqUcibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcO3lzkQU8zDqUczDqUcK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcpjO3lzkQU8zDqUcK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUc000000000000000000000000KXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjaRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83KXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLasastPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8KXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcKXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcQU8KXCEN8iY8QnPDTkZAQ9B78IjRmHOcggVH62iXWzOfaRJ6ThHDTmFxLtPAk2WcdT4tYvqNqT8aatBqchibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUczDqUcibK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcO3lzkQU8zDqUczDqUcK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUcpjO3lzkQU8zDqUcK83pjO3lzkQU8zDqUc
