The Development History and Future of Steel Structure土木工程专业英语论文.doc

2012-2013学年第二学期专业英语考试论文姓 名 xxxxxxx 学 号 xxxxxxxxxxx 院 系 土木工程与建筑系 专 业 土木工程 年 级 xxxxxxxxxxxxxx 任课教师 xxxxxx 2013年 6 月 18 日The Development History and Future of Steel StructureAbstract: More than 30 years, the modern building materials by using steel, glass, membrane materials and the corresponding structure, construction technology and construction process of building up the steel structure building, completely changed the previous architecture model, idea and method of architectural design will change. Steel is a high strength, high performance materials with very high value, recycling, scrap has value. Seismic performance of steel structure, flexible use, construction is not consume wood, steel template and water mass, also won't produce strong noise and air pollution. Compared with other structure of concrete filled steel tube structure, having the advantages of high bearing capacity, ductility and seismic performance, material saving and convenient construction characteristics. For high-rise building, these characteristics are particularly prominent, China in this field has been in a leading position.Keyword: Development Steel Structure building material摘要: 30余年来，利用钢格、玻璃、膜材等现代建筑材料及相应的结构、构造技术与施工工艺建筑起来的钢结构建筑，彻底改变了以往建筑造型的模式，建筑设计的理念与方法亦随之嬗变。 钢材是一种高强、高效能的材料，具很高的再循环价值，边角料也有价值。钢结构抗震性能好，使用灵活，施工时既不需要耗费大量的木材、钢模板和水，也不会产生强的噪音与空气污染。钢管混凝土结构与其它结构相比，具有承载力高、塑性和抗震性能优越、节省材料和施工简便的特点。用于高层建筑中，这些特点尤为突出，中国在此领域已处于领先地位。关键词: 发展 钢结构 建筑 材料 Introduction: Breakthrough progress of construction steel was started in nineteen sixties. More than 30 years, the modern building materials by using steel, glass, membrane materials and the corresponding structure, construction technology and construction process of building up the steel structure building, completely changed the previous architecture model, idea and method of architectural design will change. Today, technology integration and sustainable development concept has win support among the people, by the steel structure technology as the basic means, focus on the material characteristics and technical performance of the architectural creation tendency has become the trend of the times. Compared with foreign countries, the development of steel structure building in China is relatively backward, in China's steel production has ranked first in the world, steel structure building basic conditions mature premise, steel structure technology has not been effective promotion, are worth meditative. At present, the architectural design industry in our country is generally insufficient, understanding of steel structure construction idea is backward; not high enthusiasm for the steel structure system, management and No. These are serious obstacles to the steel structure in the further development of our country. 1.The development history, foreign steel structure building Metal structure was first used in building houses can be traced back to eighteenth Century is not english. Because at that time the cotton mill frequent fires, so the iron in the framework of building structure. 100 years later, the United States of Chicago school has built a number of steel skyscrapers, French engineer Eiffel built the famous tower, metal building has now entered the first glorious era. At that time, people built the metal structure of the single-family housing, some metal housing, still in good condition. In more than half a century later, the rise of the reinforced concrete structure, metal lost its reputation and charm in the architectural field, mainly used for the construction of factories, such as hangars. Steel structure building in the nineteen sixties begin again with new development. Construction steel to be a breakthrough, computers have also begun early application, all the structure systems of metal building is becoming more and more mature. 70 in the French Pompidou cultural center built, high-tech trend began to appear; to the 80, 90 time, Renault auto parts distribution center, Hongkong HSBC, the French Lyon Airport TGV railway station, Kansai International Airport, the steel structure to a new high degree. At the same time, the architects in the small project, the steel structure technology played most incisive, such as the design of FRANCE architecture studio student restaurant, Jules Varna, the United States of America ABC company manufacturing high residence. In particular, the western developed countries have put forward a project of metal building concept, pre engineered metal building refers to a building structure is divided into several modules is processed in factory, so that the design, manufacture and installation of steel structure building to integration, which greatly reduces the cost of construction (structure 10 lower than traditional 20%), shorten the construction period, the comprehensive advantages of steel structure are more obvious. In the new structure, many countries have increased research efforts, now has been built over a span of 1000m ultra large dome and a height of more than 1000m up to 4000m of super tall building. Also there are a lot of large span and space steel structure, built in 1989, the Canadian Toronto sky dome, span 205m, can accommodate 70000 people, roof is closed to all closed with air conditioning stadium. Built in 1993, Japan Fukuoka indoor stadium, 222m in diameter, is opening space steel structure of contemporary world's largest. Development of membrane structures also attract people's attention, built in 1992 in the United States of America Atlanta Olympic Games Main Stadium "the Georgia Dome", plane size is 240m × 193m, is the world's largest span cable hybrid structures and membrane roof. Due to the progress of science and technology development and the quality of the importance of steel, steel structure is affirmed by the advanced countries, in Europe, America, Japan, Taiwan, plant construction with steel structure. In some advanced city, buildings, bridges, large public works, but also the use of steel structure building. In recent 10 years, in the United States, about 70% of the non residential and two layers and the following buildings are used in light steel portal frame system. 2. China's steel structure building development The application of steel structure in our country has a long history. Ad 60 years began to build an iron chain bridge, the most famous is the Dadu River in Luding Bridge, has fully demonstrated that China's ancient outstanding achievements in metal structures.After the founding of new China, steel structure construction has greatly developed, can be divided into three stages: one is the beginning of period (50 years 60 in the early 1990s), two is the low tide period (70 years in the late 60's), three is the development period (80 years). The 50's to 156 projects funded by the Soviet Union as the opportunity, has made outstanding achievements in construction. In 60 countries put in steel saving in the construction industry policy, the implementation process there have been some misunderstanding, limits the rational use of steel structure construction and development. The introduction of light steel construction in eighty coastal areas, the domestic steel structure workshop, games will be a large number of steel structure of gymnasium construction, as well as many high-rise steel structure building is built the first climax of development of China's steel structure. But in 1994, more than 100 meters high Chinese high-rise buildings 152 buildings, of which only 9 buildings with steel structure or steel and concrete structure, while in a foreign country with such high buildings are generally preferred for steel structure. China's annual construction steel quantity only 1% were used for prefabricated steel structure, compared with the developed countries more than 80% of the amount, huge gap. Fortunately, the current development of China's steel structure building appeared prosperity never. Mainly in the: High-rise, super high-rise buildings by Chinese and foreign cooperation to domestic start. China's famous high-rise, high-rise buildings are mostly is the result of cooperation between China and foreign countries, such as Shanghai Jinmao Tower, world financial center, Shenzhen imperial estate building, Beijing Jing-Guang center. Sino-foreign cooperative design for mastering foreign advanced technology and talent training exercise plays a promoting role. Built in 1998, Dalian Ocean Building (201m, 51) marked the domestic steel structure high-rise building started, built in 1999, Shenzhen SEG Plaza (291.6m, 72) is the world's highest building steel pipe concrete structure. China's steel structure construction has reached a certain level, but in the aspects of material, process design method compared with the developed countries still exist many gaps, is still blank in some areas, such as large span and space structure. 3.Vigorously promote the technology of steel structure, to carry out a wide range of urgency of steel structure building design The urgency of environmental problems, promote the persecution The development of steel structure has brought a breakthrough in solving the problems of the environment. First of all, steel is a high strength, high performance materials with very high value, recycling, scrap has value. Secondly, the seismic performance of steel structure, flexible use, construction is not consume wood, steel template and water mass, also won't produce strong noise and air pollution. Again, the development of steel structure will lead to a series of lightweight wall materials development, and create the conditions for the development of green building materials. Of course, the steel structure which is compared with the brick masonry structure, is not to say that the steel structure building is no damage to the environment, is the use of resources, energy is relatively reasonable, the destruction of the environment is relatively less. In the face of severe environmental problems, the development of steel structure building, instead of concrete and masonry building is an ideal choice. Trace the development of construction steel structure of developed countries, combining the actual conditions of our country, it is not difficult to see that the development of steel structure in our country a bright future, but will have many characteristics different from developed countries. So promising, because the government has begun to attach great importance to the development of steel structure, the steel structure technology as a new technology is popularized in 1998, in 1999 established the national leading group for steel construction, headed by the Vice Minister of construction Ye Rutang as. At the same time, application of expert group composed of nine special subject research of steel structures in the field of architecture. At present, the developed countries of the building steel consumption for its steel output of 4555%, but our country building steel consumption accounted for only about 20% of the total output. The annual steel output of China has more than 1 tons, such as this ratio calculation, is China's construction steel has the development space of about 30000000 tons. In recent years, with the pressure plate, etc. The use of lightweight roofing materials, light steel industrial plant has been rapid development. Its structure is mainly solid abdominal tapered portal frame.Affected by the structure of dynamic loads Because steel has good toughness, and there are large hammer or other devices generate dynamic action of the plant, even small span roof, often made of steel. For high structural seismic capacity requirements, the use of steel is more suitable.Multi-storey and high-rise buildings Since the overall efficiency indicators steel excellent in recent years in many tall buildings has also been widely used. Its structure is mainly multi framework, which - supporting structure, frame tube, suspension, giant frameworks.Towering structure Towering structure includes a tower and mast structures, such as high-voltage transmission line tower, broadcasting, communications and television transmission tower and mast with rocket (satellite) launch tower and so on.So will have their own characteristics, because the conditions of our country is different from the western developed countries, labor is relatively cheap, the country is not rich, receive priority will steel structure low cost, technical content slightly lower. In the next period of time, steel concrete structure, steel structure will get fast development. Compared with other structure of concrete filled steel tube structure, having the advantages of high bearing capacity, ductility and seismic performance, material saving and convenient construction characteristics. For high-rise building, these characteristics are particularly prominent, China in this field has been in a leading position. Lightweight steel structure is widely used in large span single house, in the future will be applied in a large area of residential and small multi-storey public buildings. According to statistics, a few years after twentieth Century, China's urban housing construction to completed each year an area of 440000000 square meters, the total output value of 600000000000 yuan(about GDP9%) speed rapid development, housing industry has become a new growth point in the national economy at the turn of the century. Steel structure residential building system with its structural components, prefabricated light high degree, to facilitate the implementation of standardized, standardized design, construction machinery, fittings manufacturing factory, short construction period and other advantages, show its wide application and development prospect in the building materials market, was one of the main system to replace the existing small brick residential; small and medium construction is a large volume, the development of light steel structure for resources, energy shortage in China is still of great significance.参考文献目录1 董石麟.我国大跨度空间钢结构的发展与展望.空间结构J,2000,6(2):3-14.2 沈祖炎,陈扬骥,陈以一.钢结构基本原理M.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000.待添加的隐藏文字内容13 丁阳.钢结构设计原理M.天津:天津大学出版社,2004.4Standard Handbook for Civil Engineers (Handbook) by Jonathan Ricketts, M. Loftin and Frederick Merritt5Civil Engineering Handbook,by  W.F.Chen6The Architect's Portable Handbook, by PAT GUTHRIE,McGraw-Hill Company. 翻译文章原文：本章小结：本章分析了混凝土抗压强度和弹性模量两个重要力学参数的各种影响因素，考虑了骨料性能、骨料粒径、水胶比和约束四种情况，得出如下结论：1. 通过在 ANSYS 软件中对三组不同表观密度轻骨料的混凝土模型的有限元分析，结果显示混凝土表观密度增大时，混凝土整体抗压强度和弹性模量都有显示的提高，得出骨料表观密度对自密实轻骨料混凝土的力学性能有显著影响的结论。2. 通过在 ANSYS 软件中对三组不同大小骨料的混凝土模型的有限元分析，结果显示骨料粒径增大时，混凝土的抗压强度和弹性模量下降很快，得出骨料粒径大小对自密实