电大土木工程力学复习题小抄.doc

土木工程力学复习题一、 选择题1、用力法超静定结构时，其基本未知量为（D）。A、杆端弯矩B、结点角位移C、结点线位移D、多余未知力2、力法方程中的系数代表基本体系在Xj=1作用下产生的（C）。A、Xi B、Xj C、Xi方向的位移 D、Xj方向的位移3、在力法方程的系数和自由项中（B）。A、恒大于零B、恒大于零C、恒大于零D、恒大于零4、位移法典型方程实质上是（ A ）。A、平衡方程B、位移条件C、物理关系D、位移互等定理5、位移法典型方程中的系数代表在基本体系上产生的（ C ）。A、Zi B、Zj C、第i个附加约束中的约束反力D、第j个附加约束中的约束反力6、用位移法计算刚架，常引入轴向刚度条件，即“受弯直杆在变形后两端距离保持不变”。此结论是由下述假定导出的：（ D ）。A、忽略受弯直杆的轴向变形和剪切变形B、弯曲变形是微小的C、变形后杆件截面仍与变形曲线相垂直D、假定A与B同时成立7、静定结构影响线的形状特征是（ A ）。A、直线段组成B、曲线段组成C、直线曲线混合D、变形体虚位移图8、图示结构某截面的影响线已做出如图所示，其中竖标yc，是表示（ C ）。A、P=1在E时，C截面的弯矩值B、P=1在C时，A截面的弯矩值 C、P=1在C时，E截面的弯矩值 D、P=1在C时，D截面的弯矩值9、绘制任一量值的影响线时，假定荷载是（ A ）。A、一个方向不变的单位移动荷载B、移动荷载C、动力荷载D、可动荷载10、在力矩分配法中传递系数C与什么有关（ D ）。A、荷载B、线刚度C、近端支承D、远端支承11、汇交于一刚结点的各杆端弯矩分配系数之和等于（ D ）。A、1 B、0 C、1/2 D、-112、如下图所示，若要增大其自然振频率w值，可以采取的措施是（ B ）。A、增大L B、增大EI C、增大m D、增大P13、 图示体系不计阻尼的稳态最大动位移，其最大动力弯矩为：（B）A. 7Pl/3; B. 4Pl/3; C. Pl; D. Pl/314、在图示结构中，若要使其自振频率增大，可以（C）A. 增大P; B. 增大m; C.增加EI; D.增大l。15、下列图中（A、I均为常数）动力自由度相同的为（A）；A图a与图b；B图b与图c；C图c与图d；D图d与图a。16、图示各结构中，除特殊注明者外，各杆件EI=常数。其中不能直接用力矩分配法计算的结构是（C）；17、图a，b所示两结构的稳定问题（C）；A均属于第一类稳定问题；B均属于第二类稳定问题；C图a属于第一类稳定问题，图b属于第二类稳定问题；D图a属于第二类稳定问题，图b属于第一类稳定问题。18、图示单自由度动力体系自振周期的关系为（A）；A；B；C；D都不等。19、用位移法计算刚架，常引入轴向刚度条件，即“受弯直杆在变形后两端距离保持不变”。此结论是由下述假定导出的（D）；A忽略受弯直杆的轴向变形和剪切变形；B弯曲变形是微小的；C变形后杆件截面仍与变形曲线相垂直；D假定A与B同时成立。6图示结构杆件AB的B端劲度（刚度）系数为（B）；A1；B3；C4；D20、据影响线的定义，图示悬臂梁C截面的弯距影响线在C点的纵坐标为：（ A）A、0 B、-3m C、-2m D、-1m21、图为超静定梁的基本结构及多余力X1=1作用下的各杆内力，EA为常数，则为：（ B）A、d(0.5+1.414)/EA B、d(1.5+1.414)/EA C、d(2.5+1.414)/EA D、d(1.5+2.828)/EA22、已知混合结构的多余力8.74KN及图a、b分别为Mp，Np和，图，N1图，则K截面的M值为：（ A ）A、55.43kN.m B、56.4kN.m C、83.48kN.m D、84.7kN.m23、图示等截面梁的截面极限弯矩Mu=120kN.m，则其极限荷载为：（ C ）A、120kN B、100kN C、80kN D、40kN24、在力矩分配法中反复进行力矩分配及传递，结点不平衡力矩（约束力矩）愈来愈小，主要是因为（ D ）A、分配系数及传递系数<1B、分配系数<1C、传递系数=1/2D、传递系数<125、作图示结构的弯矩图，最简单的解算方法是（ A ）A、位移法B、力法C、力矩分配法D、位移法和力矩分配法联合应用26、图示超静定结构的超静定次数是（ D ）A、2 B、4 C、5 D、627.用位移法求解图示结构时，基本未知量的个数是（ B ）A 8 B 10 C 11 D 1228、图示体系的自振频率为（C）ABCD29.静定结构的影响线的形状特征是（ A ）A 直线段组成B 曲线段组成C 直线曲线混合D 变形体虚位移图30.图示结构B截面，弯矩等于（ C ）A 0B m上拉C 1.5m下拉D 1.5m上拉31.用位移法计算超静定结构时，其基本未知量为（ D ）A 多余未知力B 杆端内力C 杆端弯矩D 结点位移32超静定结构在荷载作用下产生的内力与刚度（ B ）A 无关 B 相对值有关 C 绝对值有关 D 相对值绝对值都有关二、判断题1、用力法求解超静定刚架在荷载和支座移动作用下的内力，只需知道各杆刚度的相对值（ ）。2、对称刚架在反对称荷载作用下的内力图都是反对称图形。（ × ）3、超静定次数一般不等于多余约束的个数。（ × ）4、同一结构的力法基本体系不是唯一的。（ ）5、力法计算的基本结构可以是可变体系。（ × ）6、用力法计算超静定结构，选取的基本结构不同，所得到的最后弯矩图也不同。（ × ）7、用力法计算超静定结构，选取的基本结构不同，则典型方程中的系数和自由项数值也不同。（ ）8、位移法可用来计算超静定结构也可用来计算静定结构。（ ）9、图a为一对称结构，用位移法求解时可取半边结构如图b所求。（ × ）10、静定结构和超静定结构的内力影响线均为折线组成。（ ）11、图示结构C截面弯矩影响线在C处的竖标为ab/l.（× ）12、简支梁跨中C截面弯矩影响线的物理意义是荷载作用在截面C的弯矩图形。 （× ）13、在多结点结构的力矩分配法计算中，可以同时放松所有不相邻的结点以加速收敛速度。（ ）14、力矩分配法适用于连续梁和有侧移刚架。（× ）15、图（a）对称结构可简化为图（b）来计算。（×）16、当结构中某杆件的刚度增加时，结构的自振频率不一定增大。（）17、图示结构的EI=常数，时，此结构为两次超静定。( )18、图a所示桁架结构可选用图b所示的体系作为力法基本体系。( )19、图示体系有5个质点，其动力自由度为5（设忽略直杆轴向变形的影响）。 （ × ）20、设直杆的轴向变形不计，图示体系的动力自由度为4。（ ）21、结构的自振频率与结构的刚度及动荷载有关。 （ × ）22、当梁中某截面的弯矩达到极限弯矩，则在此处形成了塑性铰。（ ）23、支座移动对超静定结构的极限荷载没有影响。（× ）24、静定结构的内力计算，可不考虑变形条件。（ ）B图a 图b25、用机动法做得图a所示结构RB影响线如图b。（ × ）26、图示梁AB在所示荷载作用下的M图面积为ql3/3.( × )27、图示为某超静定刚架对应的力法基本体系，其力法方程的主系数是36/EI。（× ）28、图示为刚架的虚设力系，按此力系及位移计算公式可求出杆AC的转角。（ ）29图示结构的超静定次数是n=3。（× ）30、图示为单跨超静定梁的力法基本体系，其力法方的系数为l/EA。（ ）31、图a所示结构在荷载作用下M图的形状如图b所示，对吗？(× )32、位移法只能用于超静定结构。（× ）33、图示伸臂梁F左QB影响线如图示。（× ）34用力法解超静定结构时，可以取超静定结构为基本体系。 （ ）35、在力矩分配中，当远端为定向支座时，其传递系数为0 。 （ × ）36、计算超静定结构的极限荷载只需使用平衡条件，不需考虑变形条件。（ ）37、在 温 度 变 化 与 支 座 移 动 因 素 作 用 下，静 定 与 超 静 定 结 构 都 有 内 力 。（ × ）38同一结构选不同的力法基本体系，所得到的力法方程代表的位移条件相同。（ × ）39位移法典型方程中的主系数恒为正值，付系数恒为负值。（× ）40图示结构有四个多余约束。（ × ）力法计算举例1、图示为力法基本体系，求力法方程中的系数和自由。 项，各杆EI 相同。1 作图；232、用力法计算图示结构。 EI = 常 数 。 参考答案：1.取基本体系。 5、作M图3、用力法计算图示结构。参考答案：这是一个对称结构。1.利用对称性，选取基本体系。3、 5、作M图基本结构4. 如图9所示两次超静定结构， 绘弯矩图。图9解： 求解上述方程得：代入叠加公式得：5、试用力法计算图1所示刚架，并绘制弯矩图。解：图1（a）所示为一两次超静定刚架，图1（b）、（c）、（d）均可作为其基本结构，比较而言，图1（d）所示的基本结构比较容易绘制弯矩图，且各弯矩图间有一部分不重叠，能使计算简化，故选择图1（d）为原结构的基本结构。1列力法方程 2为了计算系数和自由项，画出单位弯矩图见图1（f）、见图1（g）、荷载弯矩图见图1（e）。 3由图乘法计算系数和自由项 图14解方程将上述系数、自由项代入力法典型方程：解方程组可得： 5作M图由叠加公式，见图1（h）。6、 用力法计算图示结构的弯矩，并绘图示结构的M图，EI=常数。1. 用力法计算图示结构，EI=常数。 解：1、二次超静定，基本结构如图：2、列力法方程 3、 4、求、 5、求得 6、作M图2.建立图示结构的力法方程。解：1、取半结构如图2、半结构的基本结构如图 3、列力法方程3.用力法计算，并绘图示结构的M图。EI=常数。 解：1、一次超静定结构，基本结构如图2、列力法方程3、作4、求、4、求,=55、作M图4. 用力法计算，并绘图示结构的M图。EI=常数。解：1、一次超静定结构，基本结构如图2、列力法方程3、作4、求、5、求,6、作M图5.用力法计算并绘图示结构的M图。解：1、一次超静定结构，基本结构如图2、列力法方程3、作4、求、5、求,6、作M图注：务必掌握例2-2位移法计算举例1、计算图示结构位移法典型方程式中的系数和自由项。 （各杆的 EI 为常数）。 。解：1、 取基本结构如图2、 列力法方程3、2、用位移法解此刚架。参考答案：只有一个结点角位移。建立基本结构如图所示。位移法方程：3、. 如图14所示，绘弯矩图。（具有一个结点位移结构的计算）解：结点A、B、C有相同的线位移，因此只有一个未知量。1）建立基本结构如图15所示。2）列出力法方程图143）由力的平衡方程求系数和自由项（图16、17）4）求解位移法方程得：图15基本结构5）用弯矩叠加公式得：图11图20图11图20图16图17图18图19例2. 如图20，绘弯矩图. （具有一个结点位移结构的计算）解：只有一个结点角位移。1） 4、如图14所示，绘弯矩图。解：只有一个结点角位移。1）建立基本结构如图21所示。2）位移法方程：3）画出图，如图22，23，根据节点力矩平衡（图24），求得将和代入位移法方程得：4）弯矩叠加方程：得：图21基本结构固端弯矩刚结点处弯矩5）画出弯矩图如图25所示。图22 图24图23 图25 M 5、用位移法计算图26示结构，并做弯矩图。EI为常数。（具有两个结点位移结构的计算）解：1）此结构有两个结点位移，即结点B的角位移及结点E的水平线位移。在结点B及结点E处加两个附加约束，如图27所示。此时原结构变成四根超静定杆的组合体。图262）利用结点处的力平衡条件建立位移法方程：3）做图、图及荷载弯矩图图，求各系数及自由项。图27基本体系图28 图29令图31 图30将求得的各系数及自由项代入位移法方程图324）弯矩叠加公式为：利用弯矩叠加公式求得各控制截面弯矩为：6、计算图示结构位移法典型议程式中系数r12和自由项R1p（各杆的EI为常数）待添加的隐藏文字内容37、用位移法作图示结构M图。EI为常数。解：解：9、用位移法计算图示的刚架。（1）（2）列位移法方程：（3）作图（4）（5）由M=+得6.用位移法计算图示刚架，画M图。解：1、只有一个结点角位移，基本结构如图所示2、列位移法方程（令）3、作4、求、，并求5、作M图 7. 用位移法计算图示刚架，画M图。EI=常数。解：1、只有一个结点角位移，基本结构如图所示2、列位移法方程3、4、求、，并求5、作M图 8.用位移法计算图示刚架，画M图 。解：1、基本体系如图：2、列位移法方程：3、作图4、求、，并求5、作M图 9.用位移法求解刚架，并绘弯矩图。各杆EI相同等于常数。解：1、只有一个结点角位移，基本结构如图所示2、列位移法方程3、4、求、，并求5、作M图 注：务必掌握例3-2、3-3、3-4、表3-1和3-2中的1、3、5、7、12以及对称结构的半结构的选取P58。判断所示体系的动力自由度。动力自由度为2。 动力自由度为1一 求图示两跨连续梁的极限荷载。设两跨截面的极限弯矩均为Mu。只有一个破坏机构，如图所示。 塑性铰D处的剪力为零。对BD段： 对DC段： 求解上述两个方程有： Editor's note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the world's first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, I've still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, you'd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. I'm anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.It's like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line "we" would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and "capcom" (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, "Fearless Felix" will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, he'll be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes it's not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it won't. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way I'd miss this."If we don't do that it will go on and go on. We have to stop it; we need the courage to do it."His comments came hours after Fifa vice-president Jeffrey Webb - also in London for the FA's celebrations - said he wanted to meet Ivory Coast international Toure to discuss his complaint.CSKA general director Roman Babaev says the matter has been "exaggerated" by the Ivorian and the British media.Blatter, 77, said: "It has been decided by the Fifa congress that it is a nonsense for racism to be dealt with with fines. You can always find money from somebody to pay them."It is a nonsense to have matches played without spectators because it is against the spirit of football and against the visiting team. It is all nonsense."We can do something better to fight racism and discrimination."This is one of the villains we have today in our game. But it is only with harsh sanctions that racism and discrimination can be washed out of football."The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifa's anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Association's 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend City's Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday."I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure," he told BBC Sport."For me it's about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was."Uefa has opened disciplinary proceedings against CSKA for the "racist behaviour of their fans" during City's 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European football's governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referee's actions.CSKA said they were "surprised and disappointed" by Toure's complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: "We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA."Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would