全国网络统考《计算机应用基础》选择题复习及答案.doc

第一章 计算机基础知识【例题与解析】1、一般认为，世界上第一台电子计算机诞生于（ A ）。A 1946年 B 1952年 C 1959年 D 1962年 【解析一般认为，世界上第一台数字计算机于1946年在美国宾夕法尼亚大学研制成功。1952年前苏联研制成功数字计算机，而中国第一台大型电子数字计算机是1959年在中国科学院计算技术研究所研制成功的。2、计算机当前以应用于各个行业，各个领域，而计算机最早的设计是针对（ B ）。A 数据处理 B 科学计算 C 辅助设计 D 过程控制【解析】计算机以普及到各行各业，各种领域，已经无所不在。但早期的数字计算机其设计目的是用于快速计算，着重于军事目的应用。而随着计算机技术的发展与应用需求的增加，计算机从主要用于科学和工程计算发展到从事数据处理，辅助设计和过程控制以及人工智能等。3、计算机硬件系统的主要组成部分部件有五大部分，下列各项中不属于这五大部分的是（ B ）。A 运算器 B 软件 C I/O设备 D 控制器【解析】计算器是对输入的信息进行加工，并能输入加工结果的电子设备。一个计算机系统由硬件系统和软件系统构成。一般计算机硬件的主要组成部件有运算器，控制器，存储器，输入设备和输出设备五大部分以及将这五大部分连接为一体的总线。4、计算机软件一般分为系统软件和应用软件两个类，不属于系统软件的是（ C ）。A 操作系统 B 数据库管理系统 C 客户管理系统 D 语言处理程序 【解析】计算机系统由计算机硬件和计算机软件组成。计算机软件一般又可分为系统软件和应用软件两类。系统软件主要包括操作系统，语言处理程序，数据库管 理系统以及某些服务性程序等。应用软件是为了解决不同应用问题中研制的软件系统，它是针对某一类特定的应用而研制的。上述选项中A，B，C，D均为系统软 件，而C不属于系统软件范畴。客户管理系统是针对企业对客户的管理而研制的应用软件。5、计算机系统中，最贴近硬件的系统是（ D ）。A 语言处理程序 B 数据库管理系统 C 服务性程序 D 操作系统 【解析】计算机软件一般分为系统软件和应用软件两大类。操作系统是系统软件的重要组成和核心，它主要作用是管理计算机软硬件资源，调度用户作业程序和处 理各种中断，从而保证计算机各部分协调有效工作。操作系统是用户同计算机的接口，用户通过操作系统来操作计算机，它也是最贴近硬件的系统软件。6、计算机内部用于处理数据和指令的编码是（ B ）。A 十进制码 B 二进制码 C ASCII码 D 汉字编码 【解析】计算机在实现其计算和表示功能时，采用了多种编码方式。由于物理因素的考虑，计算机在内部均采用二进制，它由0和1两种状态表示，并采用二进制 数进行运算，再将二进制数转换成十进制数输出以便于人们的理解。ASCII码是美国标准信息交换代码的缩写，它用于规定字符的编码。汉字编码则是为适应计 算机汉字信息处理的需要而制定的，它规定了汉字的机内表示标准。7、在计算机程序设计语言中，可以直接被计算机识别并执行的是（ A ）。A 机器语言 B 汇编语言 C 算法语言 D 高级语言 【解析】计算机的汇编语言，高级语言等都是人工定义的符号语言，只有通过语言处理程序将它们翻译或解释成为计算机可直接理解和执行的机器语言才能被计算 机识别和执行。所以只有采用0和1编码组成的机器语言才能被计算机直接识别和执行，而且机器语言是一种直接与机器相关的语言，即不同类型的机器有着不同的 机器语言。8、二进制数10110001相对应的十进制数应是（ D ）。A 123 B 167 C 179 D 177【解析】按照二进制数到十进制数转换方法，转换过程如：20=128+0+32+16+0+0+0+1=（177）2Í21+1Í22+2Í23+0Í24+0Í25+1Í26+1Í27+0Í（101100012）=19、计算机断电后，会使存储的数据丢失的存储器是（ A ）。A RAM B 硬盘 C ROM D 软盘 【解析】计算机中配置的存储器可以分为半导体存储器（内存储器）和磁盘存储器（外存储器）。内存又分为随即存储器（RAM），只读存储器（ROM）及一 些特殊存储器。RAM又可读出，也可以写入。读出时并不改变所存储的内容，只有写入时才修改原来所存储的内容：断电后，存储内容立即消失。ROM只能读出 原有内容，不能由用户再写入新内容，原来存储的内容由厂家一次性写入，并永久保存下来：断电后，不会丢失。磁盘是辅助存储器，断电后也不会丢失数据。10、在微型计算机中，微处理器芯片上集成的是（ A ）。A 控制器和运算器 B 控制器和存储器 C CPU和运算器 D 运算器和I/O接口 【解析】微型计算机由微处理器，内存储器，输入/输出接口及系统总线等组成。微处理器是利用超大规模集成电路技术，把计算机的中央处理器（CPU）部件 集成在一小块芯片上制成的处理部件。它一般包括：若干个寄存器，算术逻辑部件（即运算器），控制部件，时钟发生器，内部总线等。11、计算机有多种技术指标，其中决定计算机的计算精度的是（ B ）。A 运算速度 B 字长 C 存储容量 D 进位数制 【解析】计算机是采用近似计算的方法来实现数据运算的。计算机所处理数字的有效数位取决于其字长，即能表示多大和精确到小数点后多少位的数，参与运算数 据的有效位数就决定了计算结果的精确度，所以计算机的计算精度取决于字长。而及运算速度则决定运算所需时间的长短：存储容量决定可存数据的数量多少：进位 数是计算机内部对数的表示方法，不会影响数的精度。12、保持微型计算机正常运行必不可少的输入输出设备是（ C ）。A 键盘和鼠标 B 显示器和打印机 C 键盘和显示器 D 鼠标和扫描仪【解析】键盘作为一种输入设备是最基本和不可缺少的，显示器作为一种输出设备也是不可缺少的。而鼠标和打印机则是对输入、输出设备的扩充。13、在计算机中，信息的最小单位是（ B ）。A 字节 B 位 C 字 D KB 【解析】位：即二进制中一位(bit),是计算机中表示信息的最小单位。字节：为了表示信息，需要适当场的位串（一串二进制位信息）。一般称8位位串为 一个字节。微型计算机的存储容量是以字节为单位来表示的。字：表示计算机传送，处理数据的信息单位，即字长。一般计算机的字长是由几个字节组成的。KB： 表示1K（1024）字节。14、在微型计算机中，将数据送到软盘上，称为（ A ）。A 写盘 B 读盘 C 输入 D 打开【解析】在微型计算机中，把数据或程序等信息送到磁盘上存储起来，称为写盘。若将磁盘上存储的数据或程序等信息送入到计算机内存中，称为读盘。15、下列各项中，不是微型计算机的主要性能指标的是（ D ）。A 字长 B 内存容量 C 主频 D 硬盘容量【解析】微型计算机的主要性能指标有字长，内存容量，存取周期，运算速度和主频。【自测题】1、自计算机问世至今已经经历了4个时代，划分时代的主要依据是计算机的（ D ）。A 规模 B 功能 C 性能 D构成单元Editor's note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the world's first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, I've still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, you'd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. I'm anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.It's like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line "we" would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and "capcom" (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, "Fearless Felix" will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, he'll be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes it's not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).Editor's note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the world's first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, I've still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, you'd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. I'm anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.It's like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line "we" would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and "capcom" (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, "Fearless Felix" will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, he'll be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes it's not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it won't. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way I'd miss this.