自考英语(二)下册课文对译课后习题答案.doc

cUnit 1第一部分  Text A【课文译文】什么是决策？A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.决策是从可供挑选的行动方案中作出选择，目的在于确定并实现组织机构的目标或目的。之所以要决策是因为存在问题，或是目标或目的不对，或某种东西妨碍目标或目的实现。Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, hut since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions. Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious.因此，决策过程对于管理人员非常重要。管理者所做的一切几乎都与决策有关，事实上，有人甚至认为管理过程就是决策过程。虽然决策者不能预测未来，但他们的许多决策要求他们必须考虑未来可能会发生的情况。管理者必须对未来的事情作出最佳的猜测，并使偶然性尽可能少地发生。但因为总是存在着未知情况，所以决策往往伴随着风险。有时失误的决策带来的后果不很严重，但有时就会不堪设想。Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made. Decision making is the process of choosing, and many decisions have a broad range of choice. For example, a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.选择就是从多种选项中进行取舍，没有选择，就没有决策。决策本身就是一个选择的过程，许多决策有着很广的选择范围。例如，学生为了实现自己获得学位的目标，可能会从多门课程中进行选择，对于管理者来说，每一个决策都受到政策、程序、法律、惯例等方面的制约，这些制约存在于一个组织的各个部门里。Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made. If there are no alternatives, there is no choice and, therefore, no decision. If no alternatives are seen, often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done. For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion; this is their way of simplifying complex problems. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.选项就是可供选择的种种可行的行动方案。没有选项，就没有选择，因而也就没有决策。如果看不到任何选项，这意味着还没有对问题进行彻底的研究。例如，管理者有时会用“非此即彼”的方式处理问题，这是他们简化问题的方法。这种简化问题的习惯常常使他们看不到其他的选项。At the managerial level, decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them, and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.在管理这个层次上，制定决策包括：识别选项和缩小选项范围，其范围小到微乎其微，大到近乎无限。Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach. Because individuals (and organizations) frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. Frequently, departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization. Called suboptimization, this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function. For example, the marketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget. In the larger scheme of things, however, increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.决策者必须有某种方法来断定几种选项中的最佳选项，即哪个选项最有利于实现其组织的目标。组织的目标是指该组织努力完成或达到的目标或现状。由于个人(或组织)对于怎样实现其目标的方式都有不同的见解，最佳的选择就在于决策者了。常常是一个组织的下属部门做出的决策对自己有利，而对上一级的部门来说，就不是较佳选择了。这种增加部门的局部利益而减少其他部门的局部利益所作出的权衡，叫做局部优化。例如，市场营销经理为增加广告预算可能会讲得头头是道，但从更大的布局来看，增加优化产品的研究经费也许对组织更有利。These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously. Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. Different managers define the same problem in different terms. When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on.这种权衡的存在是因为组织想要同时达到的目标很多，其中有些比另一些重要，但其重要性与排序是因人和部门而异的。不同的管理者会对同一问题持不同的看法。面对同样一种情况时，销售经理倾向于销售方面的问题，而生产经理则着眼于生产方面的问题，如此等等。The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based, in part, on the values of the decision maker. Such values are personal; they are hard to understand, even by the individual, because they are so dynamic and complex. In many business situations different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.多种目标的重要性与排序还部分地取决于决策者的价值观,这些价值观具有个人色彩,令人难以捉摸,甚至其本人也很难讲清楚，因为价值观是动态和复杂的,在很多业务场合,对于风险与收益可接受的程度往往会使不同价值观的人对其决策的正确性产生不同意见。People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. But from a systems point of view, problems have multiple causes, and decisions have intended and unintended consequences. An organization is an ongoing entity, and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future. Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions.人们常常认为，决策是一个孤立的现象。但从系统的观点看，问题的产生有多种原因，而且决策有预期的和意料之外的结果。一个组织是一个发展中的实体，今天做出的决策可能会在很远的将来才会有结果。因此，老练的管理人员要放眼于当前决策在将来可能会产生的后果。【课文难点注释】1A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action“among alternative courses of action”是介词短语作介词“from”的宾语，能够这样用的介词有：from，except，until，by，in等。That machine was done by between forty and fifty workers. 这台机器是由人数在4050之间的工人制作的。He goes nowhere except to the church on Sundays. 星期天他除了去教堂外不去任何地方。 2and try to leave as little as possible to chance.这是由leaveto和asas possible两个短语组成的句子，前者意为“把留给”，后者意为“尽可能地” 例句They had to leave as little as possible to chance. 他们得尽可能少地使偶然性发生。 We should leave as little as possible to incorrect decisions. 我们应该尽可能少地做出错误决策。 3Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made.which 是关系代词，指代the possible courses of action，作介词from的宾语，关系代词指代物体作介词宾语时必须是关系代词which，代词前的介词一般是由从句中的谓语动词来决定的，或所修饰的词来决定的。 例句The computer is a subject about which many books are written.计算机是许多书所写的一个课题。The door of which you lost the key cannot be opened.你丢钥匙的那扇门开不了。 4These tradeoffs occur because，occur是不及物动词，意为“发生，产生，存在，意识到”等，通常是事物作其主语，它既可指难以预料的事发生，也可指预料中的事发生，如某人想起了什么或发生了什么则用介词“to”。 例句Dont let the mistake occur again. 不要让这种错误再次发生。An idea occurred to him. 他想到了一个主意。 5When presented with a common!case，sales managers这是由when引起的省略句，省略部分为“they are”。能够引起这样省略句的词有：when，if，as if等等。 例句When something wrong with his car，he would always go to his autorepair man.当他的车出毛病时，他总是去找他的汽车修理师。这里省略的词为“there was”。He will give us a hand when necessary. 必要时他会帮助我们的。这里省略的词为“it is”。【课文练习答案】. 1-d 2-c 3-c 4-a 5-d.1.alternative 2.fundamental 3.accompany  4.implement 5.precedent 6.attain 7.objectives 8.vary 9.multiple 10.isolate.1-c make decisions 2-d design programs 3-i solve problems 4-j survive accidents 5-g  seize opportunities 6-e pursue studies 7-h attain goals 8-a earn money 9-f consume time 10-h pay debts .One evening while my wife and I were entertaining our dinner guests,our five-year-old daughter Debbie helped her mother serve dessert.Debbie brought the first slice of pie from the kitchen and placed the plate in front of me.I politely passed it to the woman next to me.Debbie put another slice of pie before me and again watched as I passed it to another guest.“You might as well keep it,”my daughter said，“They are all the same size.” .1.Decision makers should be able to make a best guess at what the future will be. 2.Some people suggest that all a manager does involves decisions. 3.If there is no right choice there is no right decision to be made. 4.Solutions vary because different people define the same problem in different terms. 5.Decision makers are usually the key to the business development of a company.【词汇练习答案】. 1.a.be organized b.organizationalc.organization 2.a.simple b.simplified c.simply d.simplification 3.a.profit b.profitable c.profitability 4.a.intention b.intended c.unintended . 1.precedent 2.skilled 3.achievement4.implement5.optimal 6.goal 7.accomplish8. accompanies9.tendency 10.ongoing .1He was accompanied to the concert by his friend. 2He has argued her out of her decision. 3His success was due in part to luck. 4In accordance with his suggestion,the procedure has been greatly simplified. 5The broadcast station predicted that it would be cold tomorrow. 6Movement is defined as a change in position or place.第二部分 Text B【课文译文】面试成功的秘诀The subject of today's talk is interviews.我们今天的话题是面试。The key words here are preparation and confidence, which will carry you far.成功的秘诀是准备与信心，这两条秘诀会使你获益匪浅。Do your homework first.首先，做好面试前的准备工作。Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the organization you hope to work for.尽可能多地了解你所申请的工作与将要为其司职的单位的情况。Many of the employers I interviewed made the same criticism of candidates. "They have no idea what the day to day work of the job brings about. They have vague notions of "furthering the company's prospects or of 'serving the community', but have never taken the trouble to find out the actual tasks they will be required to do.”我所采访过的雇主对应聘者作了同样的批评：“应聘者对求职的工作的日常业务会产生什么样的结果一无所知，对拓展公司的前景或为社区服务有些模糊的认识，但却从不下气力去了解他们将要去做的实际工作。”Do not let this be said of you. It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job.不要让人们这样说自己。这样的话就说明你对你的雇主和工作漠不关心，毫不在意。Take the time to put yourself into the interviewer's place. He wants somebody who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job.花点儿时间替面试官想一想，他们所需要的是一位勤奋、能干、性格开朗，并对工作真正感兴趣的人。Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantage during the interview to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for.你所了解的新雇主的任何有关情况对你都有利，在面试中可以为你所用；它表明你为将要司职的雇主下了功夫，掌握一些情况。Write down (and remember) the questions you want to ask the interviewer(s) so that you are not speechless when they invite your questions. Make sure that holidays and pay are not the first things you ask about. If all your questions have been answered during the interview, reply: "In fact, I did have several questions, but you have already answered them all.”把你想要问面试官的问题写下来(并记住)，当面试官让你提问时不至于无话可说，切记要避免一开始就问休假与报酬的事。如果你准备的所有问题在面试过程中都得到了答复，你可以说，“我刚才确实有几个问题要问，但您已经全部答过了”。Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interview if you want to be sure what was implied, but do be polite.在面试过程中，你想要弄明白对方所说的某些话的确切含意，就向对方询问，不必畏缩，但要有礼貌。Just before you go to the interview, look again at the original advertisement that you answered, any correspondence from your prospective employer, photocopies of your letter of application or application form and your resume.在去面试之前，应把应聘广告原文、未来雇主的信件、求职信、求职表和个人简历的复印件再看一遍。Then you will remember what you said and what they want. This is very important if you have applied for many jobs in a short time as it is easy to become confused and give an impression of inefficiency.然后，你会记住你说过的话和对方所要求的条件。这一点对在短时间内应聘几个工作尤其重要，因为应聘一多就容易搞混，并给人留下效率不高的印象。Make sure you know where and when you have to report for the interview. Go to the building (but not inside the office) a day or two before, if necessary, to find out how long the journey takes and where exactly the place is.一定要弄清楚何时何地去面试。必要的话，可在面试前的一两天去看看那幢面试楼(但不要进办公室)，核实一下路程有多远，详细地址在哪里。Aim to arrive five or ten minutes early for the actual interview, then you will have a little time in hand and you will not panic if you are delayed. You start at a disadvantage if you arrive worried and ten minutes late.真正面试时最好提前510分钟赶到。这样，留有一点多余时间，如有耽误也不会惊慌。如果是慌慌张张地赶到，或迟到了几分钟，那你一开始就使自己处于不利的境地。Dress in clean, neat, conservative clothes. Now is NOT the time to experiment with the punk look or (girls) to wear low-cut dresses with miniskirts. Make sure that your shoes, hands and hair (and teeth) are clean and neat.穿着要整洁、传统一些，面试可不是试试朋克打扮或女孩子穿袒胸上衣超短裙的时候。另外，一定要保持你的鞋子、头发、手(还有牙齿)都干干净净。Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication.准备好约你去面试的信件，以防交谈有困难时用。You may find yourself facing one interviewer or a panel. The latter is far more intimidating, but do not let it worry you too much. The interviewer will probably have a table in front of him/her. Do not put your things or arms on it.面试时，你面前可能是一位面试官，或者是面试小组，几个人来考你确实让你害怕，但你不必过分担心。面试官前可能有桌子，但你不要把你的东西或手臂放在桌子上。If you have a bag or a case, put it on the floor beside your chair. Do not clutch it nervously or, worse still, drop it, spilling everything.如果你有手提包或公文包，就把它放在你座椅旁边的地上，不要紧抓着它不放。要是包掉在地上，东西撒了一地，将会更糟。Shake hands if the interviewer offers his hand first. There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants to go though the process of all shaking hands with you in turn. So you do not be upset if no one offers.如果面试官主动与你握手，可以和他握手；如果是五人面试组，一般不会逐个与你握手，所以，没人与你握手也不必感到不安。Shake hands firmly - a weak hand suggests a weak personality, and a crushing grip is obviously painful. Do not drop the hand as soon as yours has touched it as this will seem to show you do not like the other person.握手时要有力没力的手意味着没有个性；当然过于用力会使人感到疼痛；也不要一触到对方的手就马上放下，那样似乎表明你对对方没有好感。Speak politely and naturally even if you are feeling shy. Think before you answer any questions.即使自己感到不好意思，说话时也要礼貌、自然，做到任何问题都是先想后答。If you cannot understand, ask: "Would you mind rephrasing the question, please?" The question will then be repeated in different words.如果你听不懂对方的提问，就问“对不起，刚才的问题你不介意再解释一遍吧?”这时，对方会换一种说法把问题重复一遍。If you are not definitely accepted or turned down on the spot, ask: "When may I expect to hear the results of this interview?"如果对方当时没有明确地接受你，也没有回绝你，你可以问“我什么时候能够知道面试的结果”?If you do receive a letter offering you the job, you must reply by letter (keep a photocopy) as soon as possible.如果你真的收到让你前去工作的信，应尽快复信(保留复印件)。Good luck!祝你好运!【课文难点注释】1The key words here are preparation and confidence，which will carry you far.which是关系代词，引导的是非限定性定语从句，指代的是preparation和confidence，非限定性定语从句的关系代词前有逗号，关系代词有时候还指代前面的整句话。 例句He missed the train，which annoyed him very much.他没赶上火车，这事使他很恼火。He is not on the telephone,which makes it difficult to get in touch with him.他没有回电话，这使同他联系变得困难了。 2.Do not let this be said of you.不要让别人这样说你。be said 作宾语补足语，来修饰this，动词let的用法是 let sb. do sth.或 let sth.be done， 意为：让某人做某事，或某事由他人来做。例句She does not want to let this be done by others.她不想让这事由其他人来做。We should not let our surroundings be polluted.我们不应该让我们的环境被污染。 3Have the le