电大实用卫生统计学复习题及答案(本科)小抄参考.doc
实用卫生统计学复习题(一)一、 名词解释(每题5分,共20分)1.抽样研究2.卫生服务需要3.概率4.等级相关二、选择题(每题3分,共30分)1四格表资料的卡方检验,其校正条件是( )A总例数大于40B有实际数为0C有实际数小于1D有一个理论数小于5大于1,且n>402某日门诊各科疾病分类资料,可作为( )A计算死亡率的基础 B计算发病率的基础C计算构成比的基础 D计算病死率的基础3医学人口统计学应属于卫生统计学中的哪部分内容?( )A健康统计B卫生统计学基本方法C卫生统计学基本原理D卫生服务统计4三个率比较的卡方检验,若p<0.05,则结论是( )A三个样本率各不相同B总体率之间两两有差别C至少有两个总体率有差别Dp1、p2、p3不全相等或完全不相等5配对计量资料,差值分布不接近正态分布,宜用何种检验?( )A配对t检验 B秩和检验Cx2检验 Du检验6比较身高与体重的变异程度,适宜的指标( )A极差B标准差C四分位数间距D变异系数7某日门诊各科疾病分类资料,可作为( )。A计算死亡率的基础B计算构成比的基础C计算发病率的基础D计算病死率的基础8假设检验中的把握度是( )AB1-BD1-9可用于偏态或不明分布的资料的各评价指标诸等级分值的确定方法是( )。A综合评分法B专家评分法C离差法D百分位法10下面哪一个不是问卷的顺序( )A时间顺序B内容顺序C字母顺序D类别顺序三、简答题(每题10分,共20分)1请总结直线相关系数r与直线回归系数b的意义及特点?2应用相对数时有哪些注意事项?四、计算或分析题(每题15分,共30分)1某市100名7岁男童的身高均数为120.0cm,标准差为4.80cm 。问:(1)该地7岁男童身高的95%参考值范围?(2)若一男童身高为135.0cm,怎样评价?2下表为某医院医生和护士的年龄分布调查结果统计表,请根据统计表制表原则和注意事项指出该表问题所在,并予以修改。实用卫生统计学复习题(一)参考答案及评分标准 一、名词解释(每题5分,共20分)1 抽样研究:从所研究的总体中随机抽取一部分有代表性的样本进行研究,抽样研究的目的是通过用样本资料计算的指标去推论总体。2 卫生服务需要是人们因疾病影响健康,引起人体正常活动的障碍,实际应当接受各种卫生服务的需要。(预防保健、治疗、康复)。3 概率:是指某随机事件发生的可能性大小的数值,常用符号P表示。4 等级相关是对等级数据作相关分析,它又称为秩相关,是一种非参数统计方法。二、选择题(每题3分,共30分)1D2C3A 4C5B6D7B8D9D10C三、简答题(每题10分,共20分)1直线相关系数r是说明具有直线关系的两个变量词,相关关系的密切程度与相关方向的统计指标。(1分)总体相关系数用表示,样本相关系数用r表示,的是的估计值。(1分)相关系数没有单位,取值范围是-1<r<1。r值为正,表示两变量呈正相关,x与y变化趋势是正向的。(1分)r值为负,表示两变量呈负相关,x与y呈反向变化,(1分)通常r的绝对值越大,表示两变量相关关系越密切。(1分) 直线回归系数b即回归直线的斜率,(1分)b>0表示直线从左下方向右上方,y随x增大而增大;(1分)b<0表示直线从左上方走向右下方,y 随x增大而减小;(1分)b=0则直线与x轴平行,x与y无直线关系。(1分)b的统计学意义是x每增加(减少)一个单位,y平均改变b个单位。(1分)2(1)构成比和率是意义不同的两个统计指标,应用时不能混淆。(2分)构成比说明事物内部各组成部分所占的比重,而率则说明某事物或现象的发生频率或强度,不能以构成比代替率来说明问题。(2分)(2)样本含量太小时,不宜计算相对数,最好用绝对数来表示。(2分)(3)对各组观察例数不等的几个率,不能直接相加求其总率。(2分)(4)在比较相对数时应注意资料的可比性。(2分)四、 分析或计算题(每题15分,共30分)1 答:(1)x±1.96s=120±1.96×4.80=(110.59,129.41)(5分)该地7岁男童身高的95%参考值范围为(110.59cm,129.41cm).(5分)(2)男童身高135cm,高于95%参考值范围上限,可认为该男童身高偏高。(5分)2表中的问题主要有:(1)标题不确切;(3分)(2)主谓语设置不当;(3分)(3)表中数字不明;(3分)(4)线条过多;(3分)建议修改的表如下表(3分)实用卫生统计学复习题(二) 一、名词解释(每题5分,共20分)1、抽样误差1 区间估计3.检验效能4.可比性二、 选择题(每题3分,共30分)1下列统计方法中属于非参数检验的是( )Au检验 Bt检验C秩和检验 D方差分析2总体率可信区间的估计符合下列( )情况时,可以借用正态近拟法处理。Anp和n(1-p)大于5时 B样本率p不太大时C样本例数n足够大时 Dp接近1或0时3关于标准差,下面哪个说法是正确的?( )A标准差可以是负数B标准差必定大于或等于零C标准差无单位D同一资料的标准差一定比均数小4来自正态总体且方差齐性的多个样本均数比较时,通常选择的方法是( )Au检验 Bt 检验Cq检验 D方差分析5下列有关等级相关的说法,错误的是( )A等级相关是一种非参数统计分析方法B总体分布型未知的双变量资料适宜作等级相关分析C等级相关分析计算简便,使用面广D等级相关分析是用相关系数r来说明两变量相关关系的密切程度与相关方向6用某年全市的出生数和婴儿死亡数计算婴儿死亡率,这种方法是属于( )。A统计描述 B统计推断C抽样研究 D参数估计7直条图适用于( )A构成比资料B连续性资料C各自独立的分类资料D数值变量的频数表资料8要减小抽样误差,最切实可行的方法是( )A适当增加观察倒数B控制个体变异C严格挑选观察对象D考察总体中每一个个体9直线回归系数假设检验,其自由度为( )。AnBn-1Cn-2D2n-110随机抽取上海市区120名男孩作为样本,测得其平均体重为3.20kg,标准差0.50kg。则总体均数95%可信区间的公式是( )。A3.20±1.96×0.50B3.20±1.96×0.5 0/C3.20±2.58×0.50D3.20±2.58×0.5 0/三、简答题(每题10分,共20分)1率的标准化法的基本思想是什么?直接标准化法的条件是什么?2假设检验的结论为什么不能绝对化?四、计算或分析题(每题15分,共30分)1用两种方法做实验,物理方法用了30只小白鼠,10天内死亡17只;用化学方法处理31只小白鼠,同期内死亡9只,问两种方法对小白鼠的致死作用是否相同?提示:x2值在自由度=1,=0.05和=0.01分别为3.84和6.63。2 某防疫站观察3种药物驱虫的疗效,在服药7天后查粪中虫卵的阴转率如表,问三种药物的疗效是否相同?实用卫生统计学复习题(二)评分标准及参考答案 一、 名词解释(每题5分,共20分)5 抽样误差:在同一总体中随机抽取样本含量相同的若干样本时,样本指标之间的差异以及样本指标与总体指标的差异,称为样本误差。6 按一定的概率估计总体参数所在的可能范围的方法称为区间估计。7 检验效能又称把握度(1-)。它的含义是:当两总体确实有差别时,按规定的检验水准,能够发现两总体间差别的能力。8 可比性指除了处理因素外,其它可能影响结果的非处理因素在各组间应该尽可能相同或相近,即“齐同”。二、三、四、 待添加的隐藏文字内容2选择题(每题3分,共30分)1C 2A3B 4D5D6A 7C8A 9C10B三、简答题(每题10分,共20分)1当不同的人群的总率进行比较时,(2分)若其人群的内部构成(如年龄,性别等)存在差异,(2分)而这些内部构成对率有影响,为消除构成不同的影响,要按照统一标准构成对两个人群进行校正。(2分)这种选择统一构成,然后计算标准化率的方法称为率的标准化法。 直接标准化法需要两个条件:(1)资料条件,已知实际人群的年龄别(组)率,且各年龄率无明显交叉,(2分)(2)选择标准,可选择标准人群的年龄组人口数或构成比。(2分)2假设检验的结论不能绝对化,因为无论拒绝H0或不拒绝H0,假设检验的结论都有可能有犯错误的可能。(2分)假设检验的结论通常可能发生两类错误。(2分)I型错误:拒绝了实际上成立的H0,犯I型错误的概率是,通常为0.05。(2分)II型错误:接受了实际上不成立的H0,犯II型错误的概率是,一般情况下,的大小是未知的。(2分)假设检验的结论是建立在小概率反证法的基础上的,因此结论具有一定概率的性质,不是绝对的肯定或否定。(2分)四分析或计算题(每题15分,共30分)2 该资料可以整理为如下表格形式(5分)(1) 建立检验假设,确定检验水准(1分)H0:两种方法对小白鼠的致死率相同,即1=2;(1分)H1:两种方法对小白鼠的致死率不同,即12;(1分)=0.05(1分)(2) 计算统计量x2值。(1分)本题中全部格子的理论频数大于5,同时n=61>40,故可用四格表专用公式计算x2值。(2分)x2=(17×22-13×9)261/(30×31×26×35)=4.76(1分)(3) 确定P值,作出推断结论=(2-1)(2-1)=1查x2界值表,本例x2=4.76>3.84,故P<0.05,可以认为两种方法对小白鼠的致死率不同。(2分)2这是完全随机设计的三个样本率的比较,该资料可整理为如下表,用行×列表资料的x2检验。(2分)(1)建立检验假设,确定检验水准(1分)H0:三种药物驱虫阴转率相同,既1=2=3(1分)H1:三种药物驱虫阴转率不相同或不完全相同(1分)=0.05(1分)(2)计算统计量x2值(1分)x2=15.56 (2分)查x2表,统计量x2=15.56>5.99 (2分)按=0.05检验水准,拒绝H0,接受H1,(2分)认为这三种药物的阴转率不相同。(2分)Winger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis' 20-18 semi-final win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnley's effort in their first pool match against England on the opening day.Aussie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competition's top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011."I'd give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend," said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifa's anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Association's 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend City's Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday."I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure," he told BBC Sport."For me it's about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was."Uefa has opened disciplinary proceedings against CSKA for the "racist behaviour of their fans" during City's 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European football's governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referee's actions.CSKA said they were "surprised and disappointed" by Toure's complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: "We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA." Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.They blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manchester.Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by England's Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament.That could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos' focus in their games since then.They have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. They've been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.It is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final.In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg Inglis at full-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into Saturday.The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence.They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.