电大《社会统计学》期末考试简答题与计算题复习资料必备小抄.doc

电大社会统计学复习材料小抄简答题1、统计数据的质量要求：1、精度：最低的抽样误差或随机误差； 2、准确性：最小的非抽样误差或偏差；3、关联性：满足用户决策、管理和研究的需要；4、及时性：在最短的时间里取得并公布数据；5、一 致 性：保持时间序列的可比性； 6、最低成本：以最经济的方式取得数据。2、抽样误差及其影响因素：1、由于抽样的随机性所带来的误差； 2、所有样本可能的结果与总体真值之间的平均性差异； 3、影响抽样误差的大小的因素：样本量的大小，总体的变异性。3、判断计量优劣的评判标准：用样本的估计量直接作为总体参数的估计值，无偏性：估计量抽样分布的数学期望等于被估计的总体参数 ；有效性：对同一总体参数的两个无偏点估计量，有更小标准差的估计量更有效； 一致性：随着样本容量的增大，估计量的值越来越接近被估计的总体参数。4、假设检验的一般步骤：（1）陈述原假设和备择假设；（2）从所研究的总体中抽出一个随机样本；（3）确定一个适当的检验统计量，并利用样本数据算出其具体数值；（4）确定一个适当的显著性水平，并计算出其临界值，指定拒绝域；（5）将统计量的值与临界值进行比较，作出决策；（6）统计量的值落在拒绝域，拒绝H0，否则不拒绝H0。5、假设检验中的两类错误及其之间的关系错误：1、第类错误(弃真错误)原假设为真时拒绝原假设，第类错误的概率记为a，即显著性水平；2、第类错误(取伪错误)原假设为假时未拒绝原假设,第类错误的概率记为b。a和b的关系就像翘翘板，a小b就大，a大b就小。因此，在样本容量n固定情况下，不能同时减少两类错误!一般采用增加样本容量的办法来解决。关系：当显著性水平a减小时，由于拒绝域的减小，弃真的错误会减小，但由此而来的是接受域增大了，因此纳伪的概率b要增大。反之亦然（P235）。也就是说如果要减小b，就增大显著性水平a。6、置信区间与置信度的关系表达式：称作置信区间。称作置信度，可信度，或置信水平。称置信水平。在样本容量一定的情况下，置信区间和置信度是相互制约的。置信度愈大，则相应的置信区间也域宽。当把区间估计得小一些，估计的精确程度提高了，但换取的代价将是估错的可能性增加了，也就是可靠性或置信度下降了。（P201）7、正态分布曲线的特征：（）一个高峰：曲线是单峰，有一个最高点。（）一个对称轴。曲线的高峰处有一个对称轴，在轴的左右两边是对称的。（）一个渐近线。曲线无论向左或向右延伸，都愈来愈接近横轴，但不会和横轴相交，以横轴为渐近线。4.正态分布一般用表示。(P139)8、方差分析的基本假定：（二）e的分布为正态分布要求每一个Ai所对应yi的分布都呈正态。总结起来，进行方差分析，要求总体中每一个自变量的取值对应的因变量yi满足正态分布9、方差分析的基本原理和逻辑：基本原理：变异的可加性。根据这一原理，将数据的总变异分解为不同来源的变异（组间、组内），根据不同来源的变异在总变异中所占的比重对造成数据变异的原因作出解释。10、非参数检验的优缺点：优点：没有严格的前提假设，对总体分布无需加以限制，计算量也比较少。缺点：在同等情况下，检验的效率较差。未能充分利用资料的全部信息，目前还不能处理交互作用。（整理人：燕梅 我会整理小组工作，其他科目有同学整理的请大家一起分享下哈这样大家备考都会更有效）。其他知识点u 随机现象：事先无法确定会出现那种结果的现象总体：所研究的全部元素的集合，其中的每一个元素称为个体，分为有限总体和无限总体。样本：从总体中抽取的一部分元素的集合，构成样本的元素的数目称为样本容量。参数：研究者想要了解的总体的某种特征值。统计量：根据样本数据计算出来的一个量。u 变量：说明现象某种特征的概念。分类变量：说明事物类别的一个名称。顺序变量：说明事物有序类别的一个名称。数值型变量：说明事物数字特征的一个名称。离散变量：取有限个值； 连续变量：可以去无穷多个值。u 普查：为特定目的专门组织的非经常性全面调查。典型调查：从调查对象的全部单位中选择少数典型单位进行调查。重点调查：从调查对象的全部单位中选择少数重点单位进行调查。u 数据质量的要求误差：测量值与真实值之间的差异。随机误差：在同一条件下，对同一量值进行多次测量时，其数值和符号以不可预见的方式而变化的那部分误差。系统误差：在一定的测量条件下，对同一被测物进行多次重复测量时，误差值的大小和符号保持不变，或者在条件变化时，按一定规律变化的误差。抽样误差：由于抽样的随机性所带来的误差。非抽样误差：除抽样误差之外的，由于其他原因造成的样本观察结果与总体真值之间的差异。u 分类数据的整理（指标）与图形频数：落在各类别中的数据个数。比例：某一类别数据占全部数据的比值，可以比较不同样本。百分比：将对比的基数作为100而计算的比值。.比率：把计算比例时所用的基数变大，如100、1000、10000等，最常用的是百分比率。对比值：不同类别数值的比值。顺序数据的整理与显示：累积频数、累积频率数值型数据的整理 组限统计表设计的要求：3W要求 which when what 、集中趋势测量及计算、三者的比较及应用。u 离散程度的测量及运用计算：题1：甲乙两同学分别来自一年级某班和二年级某班，某次期末考试，两同学均考了80分，一班的平均分为80分，标准差为10，二班的平均分为70分，标准差为10，这两个同学在班级上的成绩是否一样？题2：政治物理甲7060乙6070政治平均分为70，标准差为10，物理平均分为50，标准差为10。甲乙两人的总成绩是否相同？u 标准正态分布（表）的应用:（见P151）u 抽样调查的方法：简单随机抽样，分为重复抽样、不重复抽样；等距抽样（机械抽样、系统抽样）；分层抽样（类型抽样、分类抽样），根据各层抽取比例是否相等，可分作定比抽样和异比抽样。u 抽样误差：即指样本估计值与总体参数之间的差异，例如样本平均值X与总体均值u之差。u 参数估计:(见PPT)u 回归、相关与假设检验：（见P333或PPT）u 方差分析：是分析或检验总体间的均值是否有所不同，而不是方差是否有所不同，但其 检验所用的方法或手段则是通过方差来进行的。方差分析分一元方差分析、二元方差分析以及多元方差分析。u 非参数检验（P416）：就是指“对分布类型已知总体、进行参数检验”之外，所有检验方法的总称。 优点：对总体分布无须加以限制，计算量也比较少，简单易行； 缺点：检验的效率较差（费参数检验法一般要比用相应的参数检验需要较大的样本）。O(_)O谢谢！【China's 10 must-see animations】The Chinese animation industry has seen considerable growth in the last several years. It went through a golden age in the late 1970s and 1980s when successively brilliant animation work was produced. Here are 10 must-see classics from China's animation outpouring that are not to be missed. Let's recall these colorful images that brought the country great joy. Calabash Brothers Calabash Brothers (Chinese: 葫芦娃) is a Chinese animation TV series produced by Shanghai Animation Film Studio. In the 1980s the series was one of the most popular animations in China. It was released at a point when the Chinese animation industry was in a relatively downed state compared to the rest of the international community. Still, the series was translated into 7 different languages. The episodes were produced with a vast amount of paper-cut animations. Black Cat Detective Black Cat Detective (Chinese: 黑猫警长) is a Chinese animation television series produced by the Shanghai Animation Film Studio. It is sometimes known as Mr. Black. The series was originally aired from 1984 to 1987. In June 2006, a rebroadcasting of the original series was announced. Critics bemoan the series' violence, and lack of suitability for children's education. Proponents of the show claim that it is merely for entertainment. Effendi "Effendi", meaning sir and teacher in Turkish, is the respectful name for people who own wisdom and knowledge. The hero's real name was Nasreddin. He was wise and witty and, more importantly, he had the courage to resist the exploitation of noblemen. He was also full of compassion and tried his best to help poor people. Adventure of Shuke and Beita【舒克与贝塔】 Adventure of Shuke and Beita (Chinese: 舒克和贝塔) is a classic animation by Zheng Yuanjie, who is known as King of Fairy Tales in China. Shuke and Beita are two mice who don't want to steal food like other mice. Shuke became a pilot and Beita became a tank driver, and the pair met accidentally and became good friends. Then they befriended a boy named Pipilu. With the help of PiPilu, they co-founded an airline named Shuke Beita Airlines to help other animals. Although there are only 13 episodes in this series, the content is very compact and attractive. The animation shows the preciousness of friendship and how people should be brave when facing difficulties. Even adults recalling this animation today can still feel touched by some scenes. Secrets of the Heavenly Book Secrets of the Heavenly Book, (Chinese: 天书奇谈) also referred to as "Legend of the Sealed Book" or "Tales about the Heavenly Book", was released in 1983. The film was produced with rigorous dubbing and fluid combination of music and vivid animations. The story is based on the classic literature "Ping Yao Zhuan", meaning "The Suppression of the Demons" by Feng Menglong. Yuangong, the deacon, opened the shrine and exposed the holy book to the human world. He carved the book's contents on the stone wall of a white cloud cave in the mountains. He was then punished with guarding the book for life by the jade emperor for breaking heaven's law. In order to pass this holy book to human beings, he would have to get by the antagonist fox. The whole animation is characterized by charming Chinese painting, including pavilions, ancient architecture, rippling streams and crowded markets, which fully demonstrate the unique beauty of China's natural scenery. Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf【喜洋洋与灰太狼】 Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf (Chinese:喜羊羊与灰太狼) is a Chinese animated television series. The show is about a group of goats living on the Green Pasture, and the story revolves around a clumsy wolf who wants to eat them. It is a popular domestic animation series and has been adapted into movies. Nezha Conquers the Dragon King（Chinese: 哪吒闹海） is an outstanding animation issued by the Ministry of Culture in 1979 and is based on an episode from the Chinese mythological novel "Fengshen Yanyi". A mother gave birth to a ball of flesh shaped like a lotus bud. The father, Li Jing, chopped open the ball, and beautiful boy, Nezha, sprung out. One day, when Nezha was seven years old, he went to the nearby seashore for a swim and killed the third son of the Dragon King who was persecuting local residents. The story primarily revolves around the Dragon King's feud with Nezha over his son's death. Through bravery and wit, Nezha finally broke into the underwater palace and successfully defeated him. The film shows various kinds of attractive sceneries and the traditional culture of China, such as spectacular mountains, elegant sea waves and exquisite ancient Chinese clothes. It has received a variety of awards. Havoc in Heaven The story of Havoc in Heaven（Chinese: 大闹天宫）is based on the earliest chapters of the classic story Journey to the West. The main character is Sun Wukong, aka the Monkey King, who rebels against the Jade Emperor of heaven. The stylized animation and drums and percussion accompaniment used in this film are heavily influenced by Beijing Opera traditions. The name of the movie became a colloquialism in the Chinese language to describe someone making a mess. Regardless that it was an animated film, it still became one of the most influential films in all of Asia. Countless cartoon adaptations that followed have reused the same classic story Journey to the West, yet many consider this 1964 iteration to be the most original, fitting and memorable, The Golden Monkey Defeats a Demon【金猴降妖】 The Golden Monkey Defeats a Demon (Chinese: 金猴降妖), also referred as "The Monkey King Conquers the Demon", is adapted from chapters of the Chinese classics "Journey to the West," or "Monkey" in the Western world. The five-episode animation series tells the story of Monkey King Sun Wukong, who followed Monk Xuan Zang's trip to the West to take the Buddhistic sutra. They met a white bone evil, and the evil transformed human appearances three times to seduce the monk. Twice Monkey King recognized it and brought it down. The monk was unable to recognize the monster and expelled Sun Wukong. Xuan Zang was then captured by the monster. Fortunately Bajie, another apprentice of Xuan Zang, escaped and persuaded the Monkey King to come rescue the monk. Finally, Sun kills the evil and saves Xuan Zang. The outstanding animation has received a variety of awards, including the 6th Hundred Flowers Festival Award and the Chicago International Children's Film Festival Award in 1989. McDull【麦兜】 McDull is a cartoon pig character that was created in Hong Kong by Alice Mak and Brian Tse. Although McDull made his first appearances as a supporting character in the McMug comics, McDull has since become a central character in his own right, attracting a huge following in Hong Kong. The first McDull movie McMug Story My Life as McDull documented his life and the relationship between him and his mother.The McMug Story My Life as McDull is also being translated into French and shown in France. In this version, Mak Bing is the mother of McDull, not his father.