历考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析汇总【共10套】.doc

历年考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析(1-10)汇总A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed. It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July。) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty。 All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas。 How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. “ American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government,“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States。” 11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War because_。 Ait had made painstaking efforts towards this goal Bits domestic market was eight times larger than before Cthe war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors Dthe unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy 12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American_。 ATV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market Bsemiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises Cmachine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions Dauto industry had lost part of its domestic market 13. What can be inferred from the passage? AIt is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride。 BIntense competition may contribute to economic progress。 CThe revival of the economy depends on international cooperation。 DA long history of success may pave the way for further development。 14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the_。 Aturning of the business cycle Brestructuring of industry Cimproved business management Dsuccess in education名师解析11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War because_。美国在二战后取得优势地位是因为_。A it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal。它为该目标付出了艰巨的努力。B its domestic market was eight times larger than before。它的国内市场比以前大八倍。C the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors。战争摧毁了大多数潜在竞争对手的经济。D the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy。它无与伦比的劳动力规模给了经济推动力。【答案】 C【考点】 事实细节题。【分析】 第一段指出，“二战后，美国就进入了这样的一个辉煌的历史时期。它拥有比任何竞争者大八倍的市场，这使其工业经济规模前所未有。它的科学家是世上最优秀的，它的工人是技术最好的。美国及其民众的富庶是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧洲人和亚洲人连做梦也不敢想的”。因此利用排除法，确定答案是A。12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American_。上个世纪80年代美国优势地位的丧失可以从美国_事实中看出来。A TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market电视工业已经退到国内市场B semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises半导体产业已经被外国公司接管C machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions机床业已经自取灭亡D auto industry had lost part of its domestic market汽车工业已经丧失了部分国内市场【答案】 D【考点】 事实细节题。【分析】 A选项错误，因为第二段中说“到1987年，美国只剩下Zenith这一家电视生产商。(现在这一家也没有了：Zenith于7月被韩国LG电器公司收购。)”说明它连国内市场也保不住了。B选项错误，文中第二段最后一句提到，“在一段时间内，半导体制造业似乎要成为下一个受害者”，可是事实上没有。C选项中谈到的机床业已经自取灭亡的说法错误，因为文中提到机床制造业“岌岌可危”(on the ropes)，但是还没有灭亡呢。D是合适的，因为第二段第六句提到，“进口车和纺织品横扫国内市场”。13. What can be inferred from the passage?从本文中可以推断出哪个选项?A It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride。在自我怀疑和盲目骄傲之间摇摆是人的本性。B Intense competition may contribute to economic progress。激烈的竞争会导致经济的发展。C The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation。经济的复苏依靠国际的合作。D A long history of success may pave the way for further development。一个长期成功的经历会为进一步的发展铺平道路。【答案】 B【考点】 推断题。【分析】 第三段提到，“所有这一切导致了信心危机。美国人不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。他们开始怀疑自己的商业经营方式出了问题，也怀疑不久他们的收入就会下降。20世纪80年代中期对美国工业衰退的原因作了一次又一次的调查。那些有时耸人听闻的结果中充满着对来自国外的加剧的经济竞争的警告”。第四段提到了“90年代的经济复苏。其中的含义是：在竞争的压力下，美国人在80年代产业结构调整，美国的工业已经改变了结构，消除了滞胀，学会了急智，因此带来了90年代的经济复苏”。因此可以得出激烈的竞争会导致经济的发展。另外三个选项都不合适。 14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the_。作者似乎相信美国经济在上个世纪90年代的复苏可以归结于_。Aturning of the business cycle 经济周期的转折Brestructuring of industry 行业重组Cimproved business management 改善了的工商管理Dsuccess in education 教育的成功【答案】 A【考点】 作者观点题。【分析】 在第四段，作者指出，“1995年，美国可以对过去5年的稳步发展作一回顾，而日本还在奋力挣扎。很少有美国人将这一巨变单纯归因于美元贬值或商业周期循环这些显而易见的原因。如今，对自身的怀疑已被盲目乐观所取代”。这里作者实际上对当前美国人的盲目乐观情绪进行了批评，认为90年代的增长是由美元贬值或经济周期的转机等因素造成的。B是“Richard Cavanaugh”的看法。C是“Stephen Moore”的看法。D选项文中没有提及。难句解析：For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty。【结构分析】 本句的主句是：“it looked as though the making of semiconductors was going to be the next casualty”。有两个定语从句，分别是：“which America had invented”和“which sat at the heart of the new computer age”。全文翻译：长时间不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的障碍，但若处理得当，它也有可能转化为一种积极动力。二战后，美国就进入了这样的一个辉煌的历史时期。它拥有比任何竞争者大八倍的市场，这使其工业经济规模前所未有。它的科学家是世上最优秀的，它的工人是技术最好的。美国及其民众的富庶是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧洲人和亚洲人连做梦也不敢想的。当其他国家逐渐富有，美国从这一领先地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。同样不可避免的是其从领先地位上退出的痛苦。到了20世纪80年代中期，日益衰退的工业竞争力让美国人感到茫然不知所措。一些大型的美国工业，如消费电子产业，在国外竞争面前，已经萎缩或消失。到1987年，美国只剩下Zenith这一家电视生产商。(现在这一家也没有了：Zenith于当年7月被韩国LG电器公司收购。)外国制造的汽车和纺织品正横扫国内市场。美国的机床工业也岌岌可危。有一段时间，好像下一个在海外品牌面前全军覆没的似乎该轮到美国的半导体制造业了，而在新计算机时代有着核心作用的半导体正是美国人发明的。所有这一切导致了信心危机。美国人不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。他们开始怀疑自己的商业经营方式出了问题，也怀疑不久他们的收入就会下降。20世纪80年代中期对美国工业衰退的原因作了一次又一次的调查。那些有时耸人听闻的结果中充满着对来自国外的加剧的经济竞争的警告。情况的变化可真快啊!1995年，美国可以对过去5年的稳步发展作一回顾，而日本还在奋力挣扎。很少有美国人将这一巨变单纯归因于美元贬值或商业周期循环这些显而易见的原因。如今，对自身的怀疑已被盲目乐观所取代。“美国的工业已经改变了结构，消除了滞胀，学会了急智”，哈佛大学肯尼迪管理学院行政院长理查德·卡佛纳如是说。华盛顿特区的智囊团卡托研究院的史蒂芬·莫尔说：“作为一个美国人我感到自豪，因为看到我们的企业正在提高自身的生产率。” 哈佛商学院的威廉·萨尔曼相信人们将会把这一时期视为“美国企业管理的黄金时代”。 (二)Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby(particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone。 There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of todayeveryone being the same in survival and number of offspring means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes。 For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the past 100,000 yearseven the past 100 yearsour lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: “they look at an organic being as average looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension。” No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us。 15. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph? AA lack of mates。 BA fierce competition。 CA lower survival rate。 DA defective gene。 16. What does the example of India illustrate? AWealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people。 BNatural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor。 CThe middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes。 DIndia is one of the countries with a very high birth rate。 17. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because_。 Alife has been improved by technological advance Bthe number of female babies has been declining Cour species has reached the highest stage of evolution Dthe difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing 18. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? ASex Ration Changes in Human Evolution BWays of Continuing Man's Evolution CThe Evolutionary Future of Nature DHuman Evolution Going Nowhere名师解析15. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?根据第一段，做男人以前有什么危险?AA lack of mates. 缺少配偶。BA fierce competition. 激烈竞争。CA lower survival rate. 低存活率。DA defective gene. 有缺陷的基因。【答案】 C【考点】 事实细节题。【分析】 文中第一段提到“做男人从来都充满危险，新生儿男女比例大约是105:100，但到了成年，这一比例基本持平，而在70岁的老人中女性是男性的两倍，但是男性死亡率高这种普遍情况正在改变，现在男婴存活率同女婴的基本一样高”这说明男人的存活率相对是比较低的。16. What does the example of India illustrate?印度的例子证明了什么?A Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people。富人往往孩子比穷人少。B Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor。自然选择在穷人和富人之间几乎不起作用。C The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes。中产阶级的人口比部落人口少80%。D India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate。印度是出生率很高的国家之一。【答案】 B【考点】 推断题。【分析】 使用事例来证明是常见的逻辑思维模式。既然有事例，我们就需要看到它的论点是什么。本文中提到，“进化意义上的自杀还有一种方法：存活，但少生孩子”。首先“现在几乎没有人像过去那样多育。除了在一些宗教社区，几乎没有几名妇女会生15个孩子”表明了“当今出生的数量同死亡年龄一样变得平均化，我们大多数人的子女数量大致相当”，再一次，人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会降低了。其次，“印度证明了这种情况。这个国家给大城市里的少数人提供财富，而给其余的各部落居民造成了贫困。今天这种每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同的极其显著的平均化意味着与部落相比，自然选择在印度社会中、上层人群中，已经失去了80%的效力”是为了证明“人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会降低了”，换言之，“自然选择在穷人和富人之间几乎不起作用”。答案应该是B选项。17. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because_。作者认为我们的身体已经停止进化，因为_。A life has been improved by technological advance技术进步改善了人的生活B the number of female babies has been declining女婴的数量一直在减少C our species has reached the highest stage of evolution我们人种已经到达进化最高阶段 D the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing贫富差距间的区别正在消失【答案】 A【考点】 逻辑关系题。【分析】 文中提到停止进化是在第三段第一句“对我们来说，这意味着进化已经结束”。第三段中指出，“在过去的10万年甚至过去的100年中，我们的生活发生了变化，但我们的身体却没变。我们没有进化。因为机器和社会替我们办了这一切”，“机器”代表的就是“技术”，因此我们可以判定A是正确答案。18. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?以下哪一个最合适做本文标题?ASex Ration Changes in Human Evolution 人类进化中的性别比例变化BWays of Continuing Man's Evolution 继续人类进化的方式CThe Evolutionary Future of Nature 自然进化的未来DHuman Evolution Going Nowhere 人类进化无路可走【答案】 D【考点】 文章主旨题。【分析】 文章中在第一段结尾提到“由于大部分差异是由基因引起的，又一个进化的因素消失了。”第二段中说“再一次，人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会降低了。”第三段提到“但我们的身体却没变。我们没有进化，因为机器和社会替我们办了这一切。”这些都表明作者认为进化机制已不再起作用，认为自然进化机制已不能再左右人口的出生率。在总结全文的第三段时，作者直截了当地指出，进化已经结束。因此可以认为人类的进化是无路可走的。另外三个选项都不全面或者不对题。难句解析：1. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men。【结构分析】 本句由三个分句构成。第一个分句是“There are about 105 males born for every 100 females”，一个“there be”句型;第二个分句“but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity”是一个简单句;第三个分句是一个“there be”结构。2. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished。【结构分析】 本句要注意的是有两个主语，分别是“differences between people”和“the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it”。3. The grand mediocrity of todayeveryone being the same in survival and number of offspringmeans that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes。【结构分析】 本句的主干是“The grand mediocrity means that+宾语从句”。其中“compared to the tribes”是分词结构作状语。破折号中间“everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring”是典型独立主格结构做插入语，其中“survival”和“number of offspring”都是介词“in”的宾语。全文翻译：做男人从来都充满危险，新生儿男女比例大约是105:100，但到了成年，这一比例基本持平，而在70岁的老人中女性是男性的两倍，但是男性死亡率高这种普遍情况正在改变，现在男婴存活率同女婴的基本一样高。这就意味着男孩到了寻找伴侣的关键年龄将首次出现男孩过剩。更重要的是，又一次自然选择的机会消失了。50年前，婴儿，尤其是男婴，存活的机会取决于体重，过轻一公斤或过重一公斤几乎意味着必死无疑。今日体重几乎没有什么区别。由于大部分差异是由基因引起的，又一个进化的因素消失了。进化意义上的自杀还有一种方法：存活，但少生孩子。现在几乎没有人像过去那样多育。除了在一些宗教社区，几乎没有几名妇女会生15个孩子。当今出生的数量同死亡年龄一样变得平均化，我们大多数人的子女数量大致相当。再一次，人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会降低了。印度证明了这种情况。这个国家给大城市里的少数人提供财富，而给其余的各部落居民造成了贫困。今天这种每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同的极其显著的平均化意味着与部落相比，自然选择在印度社会中、上层中已经失去了80%的效力。对我们来说，这意味着进化已经结束;生物学上的乌托邦已经形成。奇怪的是，这一过程几乎丝毫没有造成身体上的改变，而且没有其他物种充斥着自然中如此多的空间