毕业论文(设计)预防医学本科学生专业认知状况及培养模式初探.doc
预防医学本科学生专业认知状况及培养模式初探李栋1 作者简介:李栋,男,教授,医学硕士,主要从事流行病与卫生统计学研究, Email: dli。,许美玲2,李慧杰1(1.泰山医学院公共卫生学院,山东 泰安 271000;2.泰安市泰山区疾病预防控制中心)摘要 调查预防医学本科专业新生的专业认知和学习满意度,分析建立新公共卫生体系的人才要求,并从培养目标、课程体系、教学方式等方面初步探讨预防医学本科专业人才培养模式的改革重点。关键词 预防医学;本科;专业认知;人才培养模式长期以来,我国预防医学本科专业的人才培养模式相对落后已是不争的事实。培养目标的不清晰、课程设置与现实要求的严重脱节、传统注入式教学方式的单一等方面的问题都比较突出1。随着医学模式的重大转变以及卫生改革的深入开展,公共卫生体系及其服务职能发生了很大变化,这种变化对预防医学教育提出了更新更高的要求,而传统的预防医学人才培养模式已经严重不适应时代的需求,创新人才培养模式,加强应用型人才的培养力度有其必要性和紧迫性。本研究旨在通过对预防医学本科专业新生的专业认知和学习现状的调查分析,管窥现阶段所培养人才的专业精神,进而对新形势下预防医学培养模式进行初步探讨。一、资料与方法1. 资料来源 调查采用自编的“预防医学专业认知问卷”, 问卷项目选择与在校预防医学专业大学生学习发展密切相关的问题编制而成,分为闭合性问题和开放性问题两部分。内容包括学生的基本情况、志愿选择、学习动机、学习行为、时间管理、专业学习的信念和情感等内容,共计48个项目。调查采用反向式,对本校2008级和2009级招收的146名预防医学专业学生在第一学期末集中调查。由学院统一组织,辅导员安排实施,学生自行答卷。共收取有效答卷146份。2. 统计方法 采用SAS9.0软件进行统计学分析。计数资料以率表示,比较采用2检验。P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。二、结果与分析1. 基本情况 共调查两个年级的学生146名,其中男生58名,占39.7%,女生88名,占60.3%;城镇学生45名,占30.8%,农村学生101名,占69.2%;第一志愿报考本专业的有48名,32.9%,其余的为第二、三或调剂志愿。第一志愿选择本专业的原因中由于自身兴趣的有9名,占18.8%,家庭影响的有19名,占39.6%。2. 对本专业学科性质的认识 共有三个题目涉及到学科性质的认识方面。在回答选择一些能描述“预防专业学科性质的形容词”的题目结果显示,75.3%选择了“服务社会”,55.3%选择了“现场”,35.4%选择了“合作”,24.1%选择了“繁重”,可见,新生对预防医学专业的服务性、重视现场以及群体合作的性质具有较充分的认识,部分认识到了学习及工作的艰苦。在回答“是否清楚预防医学与其他医学专业的不同特点”题目的结果显示,“清楚或比较清楚”的有78名,占53.4%,有46.6%的学生不太清楚或不清楚。说明相当一部分学生对预防医学在医学学科中的的自身特点并不清楚。在回答“是否知道预防医学的在医疗卫生体系中的主要职责和作用”题目的结果显示,“知道”的学生有103名,占70.5%,说明大多数学生了解预防医学专业日益突出的重要性。3. 专业倾向性:专业思想的建立是新生专业学习很重要的环节。通过调查“是否有调整专业的想法”问题,发现15名学生(10.3%)回答“一直有”,46名(31.5%)学生回答“从来没有”,85名(58.2%)学生回答“曾经有,现在没有了”,可见大部分学生的专业思想还是比较牢固的。进一步通过读研和就业的两个方面调查分析了学生对该专业的倾向性情况,结果见表1,表2。从表1可以看出,在进一步读研的选择中,60.3%的倾向于就读本专业进行深造,有40.4%希望深造时转换专业方向,但其中更多的仍选择医学类专业,两者累计可占86.3%。表2可以显示,有87名学生希望在更广阔的医学领域中就业,并不仅局限于预防医学专业,占59.6%,仅有13.0%的学生有改行的倾向,希望从事非医学的其他领域工作。专业倾向性调查结果表明,学习、深造并从事本专业仍是预防医学学生的首选,但有相当数量的学生对其他医学领域的学科有兴趣。表1 预防医学专业学生进一步读研的专业倾向性如果参加考研,倾向性的专业方向学生数构成比(%)顺位预防医学8860.31其他医学类专业3826.02理科类专业64.14管理类专业96.23文史类专业32.15其他21.46合计146100表2 预防医学专业学生就业的专业领域倾向性毕业后,就业所倾向性的工作领域学生数构成比(%)顺位预防医学4027.42医疗卫生单位即可,不局限于本专业领域8759.61其他领域1913.03合计1461004. 学习满意度 将学习成绩的满意度分为“非常满意” 、 “比较满意”、“还可以”、“不满意”四个等级,分别对应赋值为4、3、2、1。调查显示,平均的满意度得分为1.72,标准差为0.34,介于“还可以”和“不满意”之间,说明从总体上来看,预防医学专业学生的学习满意度不高。三、讨论及建议1. 预防医学专业的认识度及学习满意度有待提高调查显示,多数学生对新形势下预防医学专业的性质、特点以及职责作用方面的认识是到位和清晰的。但由于第一志愿的选择率为32.9%,还有相当一部分学生为非第一志愿选择,所以对于该专业的有关方面认识不清。通过数据分析发现,这些学生更多的是第一志愿选择为临床医学,反应现阶段医学类高校的生源还是以临床医学为主,这与社会上普遍存在的重临床、轻预防的现象是一致的。专业精神的缺乏也直接导致了总体的学习满意度不高,部分学生对将来进一步深造的专业倾向以及就业的倾向为非预防医学领域。因此,高校应该以此为依据,重视对预防医学专业的宣传,包括社会宣传和新生入学教育,提高该专业的社会认知度以及新生的专业向心力。同时,要紧密结合生物-心理-社会医学模式以及国家新的公共卫生体系建设的重大理念,全面系统的进行教学模式的改革创新,以适应新形势新任务的要求。2. 新公共卫生体系的建立及人才要求公共卫生涵盖疾病预防、健康促进、提高生命质量等所有和公众健康有关的内容。随着社会经济发展,公共卫生的范围和职能也变得越来越广泛,其工作内容除了疾病控制、环境污染对人体健康影响的控制等部分外,主要是以卫生政策、卫生规划、卫生管理、卫生监督、卫生法规、卫生经济、卫生工程等宏观调控为主2。据此,提出了新公共卫生(New Public Health)体系的概念,指在一定的权限范围内提供必要的公共卫生服务的公共、民营和志愿组织的总体。它常常被描述为具有不同作用、关系和相互作用的网络,为整个社区和地方公众健康和幸福服务的各种组织机构。新公共卫生体系主要包括各级公共卫生机构、卫生保健提供者、公共安全组织、环境保护、劳动保护和食品安全机构、教育体育促进机构等。公共卫生体系建设实际是一项社会系统工程,促进人群健康是新公共卫生的目标,部门合作和社区参与是其特色,最终目的是使公共卫生成为社会可持续发展的坚强后盾3。在我国经济和社会生活发生深刻变革以及全球化进程的背景下,公共卫生事业面临巨大挑战,已成为政府和人民群众关注的重点问题之一。要较好地解决公共卫生问题,最重要的上游策略就是高素质预防医学专业人才的培养问题。适应新公共卫生体系要求的公共卫生教育应该凸显人文精神、社会参与、多元文化、伦理原则、人居和谐、国际视野以及与管理和信息技术的交叉融合的特点,应进一步明确预防医学专业学生的基本要求和具体内容4:(1)专业精神,即自觉建立、强化和维护公共卫生专业价值;(2)医学基础,即学习和正确运用医学基础知识和技能;(3)群体健康,即牢固树立群体观念,深刻理解生态健康模式,运用相关知识和技能;(4)管理与社会动员,即具备现代管理理念、有关知识和技能,以及动员卫生相关资源的意识;(5)信息管理,即正确收集和分析各类卫生相关信息,并能在实践中合理运用;(6)科学研究,即批判性评价现有知识、技术和信息,在职业活动中开展科学研究。3. 预防医学人才培养模式的改革重点在人才培养方面,我国有50多所医学院校可以培养本科和研究生学位的公共卫生与预防医学人才。目前我们的培养体制是:高中毕业进入大学就读预防医学或公共卫生专业,前3年半主要学习基础医学和临床医学课程(包括临床实习),后1年半主要学习预防医学专业课程。由于时间的限制,他们只能泛泛地学习一些临床知识和公共卫生知识;其培养层次不明,毕业后的职位也高低不分,导致我们既缺乏高层次的公共卫生领军人物,也缺乏在基层踏踏实实地从事公共卫生工作的人员。因此,唯有对预防医学专业的培养目标、课程体系、教学方式等全过程进行整体设计、改革,形成新的预防医学专业人才培养模式,才能更好地承载起维护人类群体健康的历史使命5。首先,要全面更新培养目标,致力于培养具有深厚的人文底蕴,严谨的科学精神,强烈的创新意识,宽广的国际视野的预防医学专门人才,突出专业精神的培养,以适应我国公共卫生体系的重新构建以及预防医学学科发展的新趋势和目标。其次,要进行课程体系的重构,突出整合、创新、补充的原则,以基本要求为依据,对课程体系进行“拓宽基础,突出人文,加强临床,优化专业”的重新构建,弥合预防医学专业与临床医学专业以及社会公共卫生需求之间的鸿沟。再次,要全面改革教学方式。在讲授式教学方式的前提下,努力探索应用案例教学法和项目研究教学途径,突出预防医学的原理和方法与“真实世界”的有机联系,进而提高专业教学的实际效果6。加强实践环节,借鉴“双师型”的师资架构,使学生第一时间接触现场等预防医学的实际领域,发展学生的批判思维和解决实际问题的能力。Current situation of preventive medicine undergraduates self-recognition of major and preliminary study on professionals training model Li dong*, Xu Mei-ling, Li Hui-jie. *Department of Prevent Medicine ,Taishan Medical University(Taian 271000, China)Abstract According of the survey preventive medicine undergraduates self-recognition of course or major and learning satisfaction, analyzes the new talent requirements are presented to set up the New Public Health System (NPHS), and from the training goal, curriculum system, teaching mode discusses the preventive medicine undergraduate professional talent training mode reform focus. Key Words preventive medicine; undergraduate; major self-cognition; professionals training modes参考文献1 靳光付,马红霞,胡志斌,等. 预防医学本科生创新能力培养与教育改革探讨J. 南京医科大学学报(社会科学版),2011,(5):377-379.2 张建荣.预防医学专业在专业课教学阶段存在的问题及其对策J.中国高等医学教育,2008,(8):62-63.3 黄沛力,王晖,施致雄,等培养预防医学本科生创新能力的思考J首都医科大学学报(社会科学版),2010,(3):265266.4 赵莉,李晓松,朱昌蕙,等. 反思与重构:预防医学专业本科人才培养模式J. 现代预防医学,2010,37(19):3678-3679.5 让蔚清,何淑雅,王永生,等创新预防医学实践能力及综合素质培养体系研究与实践J.中国高等医学教育,2009,(11):21226 尤华,彭志行,陆慧,等Seminar教学法在社会医学教学实践中的尝试J中国高等医学教育,2010,(3):7475.通讯方式:山东省泰安市迎胜东路2号泰山医学院继续教育学院 271000 李栋 (收); TEL: 0538-6231712; EMAIL: dliEditor's note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the world's first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, I've still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, you'd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. I'm anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.It's like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line "we" would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and "capcom" (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, "Fearless Felix" will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, he'll be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes it's not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it won't. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way I'd miss this.