毕业论文浅谈二维动画的发展方向42029.doc
毕 业 论 文 题 目: 浅谈二维动画的发展方向学生姓名 李大生 指导教师 袁晓黎学 院 龙蟠学院 专 业 影视动画班级 06动画I班 学号 0660134212 提交日期 2009 年 5 月 18日 答辩日期 2009 年 月 日2009年 5 月18 日金 陵 科 技 学 院 学 位 论 文 使 用 授 权 声 明金陵科技学院有权保留本人所送交学位论文的复印件和电子文档,可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文。本人电子文档的内容和纸质论文的内容相一致。除在保密期内的保密论文外,允许论文被查阅和借阅,可以公布(包括刊登)论文的全部或部分内容。论文的公布(包括刊登)授权金陵科技学院教务处办理。学生签名: 指导教师签名: 日 期: 浅谈二维动画的发展方向摘 要动画起源于上个世纪初,从最初的新奇走到如今的成熟,她已经谱写了100多年的光辉历史。随着科学技术的迅猛发展,动画这门视觉艺术逐渐变得多彩多姿,表现手法也越来越丰富。上世纪90年代,从制作手段上的差异,人们将动画分为两大类,即二维动画和三维动画。二维动画在百年发展史上取得了辉煌的成就,她以超越现实生活为目标,给人们带来新颖的视角享受,成为了一门独立且包罗万象的视觉媒体艺术。她有过美国迪士尼的辉煌时代,有过宫崎峻的黄金王朝,一直深受人们的喜欢和拥护。直到上世纪90年代三维动画的崛起,传统的二维动画面临着新的困境和挑战。就目前的二维动画影片的发展趋势来看,仍然没有里程碑式的突破。中国的二维动画就不容乐观了,与先进的动画产业国家相比较还有很大的差距。但是中国的传统动画也曾在20世纪50-60年代一度兴盛,创造出了大闹天宫、哪吒闹海等优秀动画影片,以及有中国所特有的一系列水墨动画短片,如牧笛、小蝌蚪找妈妈等,这些优异的作品体现了中国二维动画迄今为止的最高水平。由于在中国的动画市场基本还没有被开发,中国动画产业还没有形成规模,等待中国动画人需要努力的路途仍旧很遥远,在全球经济一体化的趋势下,在国际动画大环境日趋竞争激烈的形式下,中国的动画应当加紧脚步,与时俱进,在质与量上争取更大的飞跃和进步。关键词:二维动画,动画视觉艺术Two-dimensional animation of the direction of developmentAbstractThe first animation originated in the last century, has passed her 100 years of history, animation, visual arts, this door with the rapid development of science and technology, animation, performance means more and more rich. Until the last century 90's different because the means of production will be divided into two categories: two-dimensional animation and 3D animation. Century history of two-dimensional animations made brilliant achievements. To give a new perspective beyond the enjoyment of real life, became an independent, all-encompassing visual media arts. She experienced the glorious era of Disney and Miyazaki's gold dynasty, by the people's love and support. Until the last century, the rise of 90 three-dimensional animation, the traditional two-dimensional animated face new difficulties. Two-dimensional animation on the current development trend, remains a landmark breakthrough. China is not optimistic on a two-dimensional animation, the animation industry with advanced countries, there is still a gap compared. But China's traditional animation has 50-60 years in the once-thriving 20th century, the "Monkey King", "Nazhanaohai" and other excellent animated films, a series of unique Chinese ink animation clips, such as " reed pipe "and" Little Tadpole Looking for Mom "and so on. China represents the highest level in two-dimensional animation to date, so it is still unable to achieve and surpass. As China's animation market fundamentals have not been developed, the Chinese animation industry has not scale, people need to wait for the Chinese animation the road is still very far away, so in the international animation environment in the form of an increasingly competitive, global economic integration trend, China should step up the pace of the animation, for a short time to produce good animation. 目 录中文摘要(I)英文摘要 (II)第一章 二维动画的发展及面临困境(1)第一节 二维动画 (1)第二节 二维动画的发展. (1)第三节 二维动画面临的困境(1)第二章 中国二维动画方向(3)第一节 国内动画现今状况(3)第二节 国内动画发展前景(6)结束语(8)致谢(9)参考文献(10)第一章 二维动画的发展及面临困境第一节 二维动画1.二维动画的定义二维动画一般指传统的手绘动画,是通过动画师来绘制每一祯画面,最终用摄影机或扫描仪合成传递在屏幕上。而三维动画是制作人员通过计算机所安装的软件界面来操作所要制作的动画造型、背景、灯光等元素。最早期的动画片中描绘的人物都是对真实的照片或胶片进行的临摹,这是由于当时人们还没有掌握角色的运动规律,从而只能进行简单的对真实人物动作的抄袭,但动画工作者们已经在描绘中不断的摸索和钻研。 这一时期的动画角色的动作由于是照搬真实人物的动作,而没有在动作上进行任何艺术上的夸张变形,严重制约了动画角色的表现力,也影响到整个片子的表现力,缺乏了节奏感,动画角色没有鲜明的性格特点,人物比较苍白,剧情的发展也就相对平淡。 经过一段时间的发展,动画成了一门独立且包罗万象的视觉媒体艺术,制作程序也渐渐的流程化,科学的工作分配使角色的动作实现起来更烦琐:首先,也要对真实的表现对象进行长时间的临摹,对角色的形象、结构,乃至习性和习惯动作都要有一个系统的观察临摹,再进行艺术夸张,把一张对角色形象性格塑造有帮助的要素夸张出来,有的是极度夸张,使最后在画面中的角色有血有肉,有性格有弱点,有他们自己的生活。这时的角色动作创作要经过上述的艺术夸张之后,再进行提炼,画出关键的特点动作,再在这些关键张之间按照角色的性格不同所需要的不同节奏画出数量不等的中间张,这就是一直沿用至今的关键桢的办法。这种动画角色动态的创作办法,科学地从生活出发,提炼并塑造出动态鲜明的性格,使角色动作实现手段更科学有效,这种基于关键桢的创作方法在动画大规模工业化生产的潮流下一直使用至今,也就是我们所说的二维动画。2.二维动画的制作流程a. 动画的前制作业:剧本的创作与改编、视听方案的设计故事的图像化、动画影片的工程规划等。b. 动画的中期创作与生产:基本动画制作工具与规范、原画绘制、中间画的绘制与制作、动检、描线、扫描与填色等。c. 动画的后制作业:二维动画的后期合成、二维动画的编辑与压缩输出等。第二节 二维动画的发展史1. 二维动画的起源1906年,布莱克顿经过反复地琢磨和推敲,不断修改画稿,终于完成滑稽脸上的幽默相这部接近动画的短片。自此以后,动画开始闯入了人们的视野。至今,动画这门视觉艺术已经走过了她将100多年的历史。随着科学技术进步的推动,动画的表现手法也越来越丰富,目前从不同技术手段上将其分为两种类型,即二维动画和三维动画。2. 美国迪士尼的辉煌时代和日本宫崎骏黄金王朝这是属于动画的时代,这是属于动画的乐章,她摆脱了稚气,逐渐成熟化,走进了美国迪士尼的辉煌时代和日本宫崎骏黄金王朝,到达了动画艺术殿堂的最高峰。在这鼎盛时期,涌现出了大量卓越的动画作品,例如迪士尼米老鼠、白雪公主、木偶奇遇记、艾丽斯漫游仙境、睡美人狮子王、等等影片及日本的一些著名影片。第三节 二维动画面临的困境从迪士尼米老鼠的辉煌时代到宫崎峻的黄金王朝,二维动画从来不缺少她的忠诚拥护者。然而,越来越多的三维优秀动画片涌入了影院,逼真的人物,刺激的画面,绚丽的场景征服了所有的观众。就目前的二维动画影片的发展趋势来看,仍然没有里程碑式的突破。迪士尼的衰败就是最好的例子。在电影产业化高度发达的好莱坞,程式化的剧情,标准化的人物,模式化的电影音乐不得不使观众厌倦。然而在二战后突然崛起的日本动画逐渐占领了鳌头,奇幻的故事,精良的制作,风格化极强的人物造型,厚重幽雅的音乐被大部分人们所接受。由于,日本的动画也已经发展为产业化大规模生产的模式,因此也有重倒迪士尼旧辙的可能性,所以必须在风格与故事上不断的创新,在视觉冲击上的不断开辟新的技术领域,才可以走的更远。20世纪90年代以后,中国动画事业却出现不景气的迹象。今天我们的动画市场大多被美国、日本等国的外来动画片所占领。三维动画的出现,让二维动画陷入了巨大危机,此外,近些年,二维动画没有突破性的发展,可谓之四面楚歌,危机重重。第二章 中国二维动画方向第一节 国内动画现金状况作为世界动画片的一部分的中国动画片,已经走过了80多年的历史,也取得过辉煌的成就,并在世界动画影坛上享有“中国学派”之美誉。然而,步入21世纪,中国动画事业却出现不景气的迹象。国产动画得不到国人支持,主要是因为国产动画被国人认为“单纯”、“幼稚”、“无聊”,国产动画教育青少年怎么做人的,十分纯洁,相对适合低年龄儿童,定位过底,跟不上时代潮流。相比之下国外动漫更受到国人的欢迎。中国动画相对国外较为粗糙,一直被识为动画而不是动漫。配音缺少优秀的声优。国家对国产动画保护过严, 缺少真正的发展政策。国产动漫缺少创意,无法真正其到教育的作用。动画制作没有商业化、市场化,无法真正得到发展。今天我国的动画市场大多被美国、日本等国的外来动画片所占领。我国的动画市场令国人担忧,如今的动画片正在向成人化、产业化等方面发展,可是我国动画片却展较为缓慢,没有了以前的繁荣,转而面临着巨大的挑战。我们国家无论从任何角度来说都应该是一个动画片大国,但我们却仍然每年花费巨资从国外引进大量动画片,因为中国本土目前动画片产量是需求远远大于供给。 中国动画片曾经有辉煌的过去,但近些年来,中国的动画产业转入低谷,而现在正是蓄势待发之时,有关部门作过一个预测中国的动画市场将会有超过数百亿圆的市场份额!但现在却几乎是空白,纵观中国影视及相关文化产业,只有动画片方面具有这样深远的潜力,这好比一个巨大的蛋糕,味道鲜美却无人问津,因为大家都在旁边观望,却没人有勇气真的去切下一块。可以这么说,谁掌握动画市场,就是掌握中国影视及动画业的命脉,除了带来丰厚的商业回报,还将带动中国整个动画市场经济。第二节 国内动画发展前景中国的二维动画片创作要跟上世界动画轨迹就必须更新创作理念。在世界动画发展中,特别是在国外影片的影响下,观众的欣赏口味也日益复杂,中国的动画创作者肩负重任,要创作出更多更好的为观众所喜爱的影片。中国的二维动画不仅要赢得国内的观众,更要走向世界。中国动画要时刻与世界保持紧密联系,才能在新的世纪里获得更好的发展。1. 创新是创作的灵魂 动画的创作来源于创作者丰富的想像力,动画的创作空间上宽容度大,动画的内容也就丰富多彩,就能取得大众的青睐。美国动画以它的幽默滑稽和立体性思维取胜,这种呈现在动画上的思维创造值得我们借鉴学习。2. 动画产业化近 20 多年来,中国国产动画业一直处境尴尬,一方面是广大的国内市场被日美动画占领,另一方面是原先的动画制作基地以及后来成立的动画制作公司都成为日美动画的加工地,原创动画力量十分薄弱。此外,我国的动画制作没有商业化、市场化,无法真正得到发展。只有当一种食物作为一种产业来发展时,才能取得突破性的进展,才能形成一种真正意义上的文化。结束语综上所述:从二维动画产业面临的困境中得出,值得我们思考的是任何艺术形式的动画都应该顺应历史潮流而发展,传统手绘动画也不例外。然而,在影视传媒充斥的当今世界,本身就蕴涵着丰富的艺术元素,二维动画影片是否能够在视觉上有更加震撼的创新是决定其现状的基本因素。二维动画的发展前景仍然一片生机,只要努力寻求新的结合点,与三维技术更好的结合,在风格与故事上不断的创新,在视觉冲击上的不断开辟新的技术领域,就一定能够在今后的动画史上大放异彩。二维动画要走出困境,最重要的是更新和变化动画产业观念,使其更加有效,具有创新性,并加大培养专业的营销和管理人才的力度;其次,还要对于动画市场的消费基础和现实依据,采取针对性地市场调配,使形成具有良好氛围的的市场环境;还应该对动画产业体制进行全方位的改革,以此提高动画产业的市场的集中度,动画作品的复制性、传播性,刺激庞大的消费市场对动画创意内容的新要求,适时调整动画产业的整体布局和发展结构,从而推动动画文化产业的全面发展。谢 辞首先感谢我的论文指导老师袁晓黎教授,没有您的指导我也写不出这样完整、规范的毕业论文;感谢我的班主任,感谢你这四年来对我的提携和关心;感谢这四年中所有教过我的任课老师,你们不仅教授我知识也教育我做人,在你们的教导下,我逐渐成长;感谢06动画班的全体同学,这四年来,我们团结友爱,相处融洽,一起去高淳写生,一起去北京采风,一起学习一起娱乐,一起生活一起成长,建立了深厚的感情,是你们让我这四年的大学生活多姿多彩;当然还要感谢一直在背后默默支持我的父母,没有你们的支持也不会有今天的我,你们更像是我的良师益友,在我遇到挫折时鼓励我,在我需要抉择时提点我,给我物质上的满足,给我精神上的支持,感谢你们二十多年的养育,我现在已经长大成人,也即将踏上社会,今后我将努力工作,好好做人,以回报你们的养育之恩。在这份毕业论文即将完成之际,我的心情无法平静,从开始进入课题到论文的顺利完成,有多少可敬的师长、同学、朋友给了我无言的帮助,在这里请接受我诚挚的谢意!参考文献1. 乔斌.二维动画流程:西南师范大学出版社 20072. 孔 伟.中国动画发展前景.海南:艺术出版社,2006,60.ag an employment tribunal clai Emloyment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees. You may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if: you don't agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly. For more informu, take advice from one of the organisations listed under Further help. Employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation. Most people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. If you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the organisations listed under Further help. ation about dismissal and unfair dismissal, see Dismissal. You can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haven't appealed against the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. However, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation awarded to you as a result of your failure to appeal. Remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are complaining about happened. If your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept i. If you are worried about how the time limits apply to you If you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your compensation if you win the case. This is known as a damages-based agreement. In England and Wales, your solicitor can't charge you more than 35% of your compensation if you win the case.you're clear about the terms of the agreement. It might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a Citizens Advice Bureau. To find your nearest CAB, including those that give advice by e-mail, click on nearest CAB.For more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, see Employment tribunals.The (lack of) air up there Watch m Cay man Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifa's anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Association's 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend City's Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday."I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Ya ya Toure," he told BBC Sport."For me it's about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was."Uefa has opened disciplinary proceedings against CSKA for the "racist behaviour of their fans" during City's 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European football's governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referee's actions.CSKA said they were "surprised and disappointed" by Toure's complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: "We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA."Age has reached the end of the beginning of a word. May be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same day; May be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. Always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. Twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it.一字开头的年龄已经到了尾声。或许是愧疚于自己似乎把转瞬即逝的很多个不同的日子过成了同一天的样子;或许是追溯过去,对自己那些近乎偏执的怪异信念的醒悟,这些天以来,思绪一直很凌乱,在脑海中不断纠缠。总觉得自己似乎应该去做点什么,或者写点什么。二十年的人生轨迹深深浅浅,突然就感觉到有些事情,非做不可了。The end of our life, and can meet many things really do?而穷尽我们的一生,又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可?During my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for New Year, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; Junior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that the real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isn't really grow up, it seems is not so important; Then in high school, think don't want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school children of the feelings in a period, but was eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profusely, looked at his thrown a basketball hoops, suddenly found himself has already can't remember his appearance.童年时,觉得压岁钱和新衣服是过年必备,但是随着年龄的推进,会越来越发现,那些东西根本就可有可无;初中时,以为要有一场暗恋才意味着真正的成长,但三年过去后,自己心平气和的写同学录的时候,突然就发现是不是真正的成长了,好像并没有那么重要了;然后到了高中,觉得非要吐露出自己的心声才能为高中生涯里的懵懂情愫划上一个句点,但毕业晚会的时候最终还是被梗塞在了咽喉,后来再次站在他曾经挥汗如雨的球场,看着他投过篮球的球框时,突然间发现自己已经想不起他的容颜。Originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time.原来,这个世界上,对某个事件能产生化学反应的,除了非做不可的坚决,还有,时间。A person's time, your ideas are always special to clear. Want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. Also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. Dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. Those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a self-righteous spiritual.一个人的时候,自己的想法总是特别地清晰。想要的,不想要的,界限明确,好像没有什么可以撼动自己。也曾经好像已经下定了决心去做某件事,但更多的时候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌恶过自己的怯懦,最终却发现有很多缘分,有很多错过,好像冥冥之中真的已经注定。那些曾经所谓的非做不可,只是青葱年华里自己给自己注射的一支强心剂,或者说,是自以为是的精神寄托罢了。At the moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. Suddenly thought of blue plaid shirt; Those were broken into various shapes of stationery; From the corner at the beginning of deep friendship; Have declared the end of the encounter that haven't start planning. Those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life.此刻,天空是阴暗的,空气里有着刚下过雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件蓝格子衬衫;那些被折成各种各样形状的信纸;那段从街角深巷伊始的友谊;还有那场还没有开始就宣告了终结的邂逅计划那些年那些天的非做不可,终于和青春一样,都将在我们的人生中谢幕。Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted. r plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence. We often close ourselves off when traumatic events happen in our lives; instead of letting the world soften us, we let it drive us deeper into ourselves. We try to deflect the hurt and pain by pretending it doesnt exist, but although we can try this all we want, in the end, we cant hide from ourselves. We need to learn to open our hearts to the potentials of life and let the world soften us.生活发生不幸时,我们常常会关上心门;世界不仅没能慰藉我们,反倒使我们更加消沉。我们假装一切仿佛都不曾发生,以此试图忘却伤痛,可就算隐藏得再好,最终也还是骗不了自己。既然如此,何不尝试打开心门,拥抱生活中的各种可能,让世界感化我们呢?Whenever we start to let our fears and seriousness get the best of us, we should take a step back and re-evaluate our behavior. The items listed below are six ways you can open your heart more fully and completely.当恐惧与焦虑来袭时,我们应该退后一步,重新反思自己的言行。下面六个方法有助于你更完满透彻地敞开心扉。Whenever a painful situation arises in your life, try to embrace it instead of running away or trying to mask the hurt. When the sadness strikes, take a deep breath an