槽绝缘与匝间绝缘毕业论文外文翻译.doc

外文资料原文及译文ROTOR SLOT AND TURN INSULATIONThe most widely used AC motor is the squirrel cage induction motor (Section 1.2.3). The rotor consists of heavy copper, brass, or aluminum alloy bars welded to end rings and embedded in iron laminations. Alternatively, the windings may be cast-in-place aluminum alloy. The winding, without the laminations, resembles a squirrel cage, hence the name squirrel cage motor. The squirrel cage induction motor operates without sliding electrical contacts of any kind. There is generally no applied insulation between the conductors and the laminations, as the difference in conductivity of copper or aluminum versus iron laminations and the low voltage at which the rotor operates obviates the need. Most other types of rotors in motors and generators operate at higher voltages and have both ground and turn insulation (Section 1.5). Rotors in smaller machines are usually random- wound, using round enameled (magnet) wire (usually with a varnish dip) that serves both as turn and ground insulation. For higher voltage rotors, with either random- or formwound coils, separate slot and turn insulation is used. This insulation is usually made from formed pieces of materials that are set in place before the windings are installed. Alternatively, some small rotors use an electrostatic coating process to apply polymer powders to the slots for insulation. Materials selected for slot and turn insulation will vary depending on the temperature class of the winding and the voltage and power rating of the machine. Formed sheet materials may be of aramid paper (such as Nomex by Dupont) for medium-size generators or laminates of plastic films and nonwoven layers for smaller machines. A very common slot insulation is called DMD for a lamination of Dacron, Mylar, Dacron (Dupont trademarks), with a suitable adhesive. DMD is made by Dupont and other suppliers from polyethylene terephthalate polyester resin in film and nonwoven fiber form. A series of similar laminates are available for use in machines with different temperature classes. Films in use include polyethylene napthanate, nylon, and polyimides. The nonwovens include cotton paper, unbleached wood pulp kraft paper, aramid fiber mat, fiberglass mat, and the combination of polyester and fiberglass in mat form. Similar materials are used for turn insulation in the form of pieces cut from sheets or rolls. For round rotor fields with heavy copper coils, thin laminates of fiberglass cloth and polyester or epoxy resin are used. The slot insulation for two- and four-pole round rotors (Section 1.5.2) has evolved over time from a mica-splittings-based composite with kraft paper, glass, or asbestos cloth and bonding resins to premolded slot cell or slot armor pieces. Several methods are in use to fabricate these insulation pieces. They include individual moldings made in compression presses, step-press compression molding, and hydraulic or autoclave molding of prepreg lay-ups in sheet metal molds. The long sections from the latter two methods are cut and trimmed into individual pieces. Polyester resins are used to preimpregnate glass fabric for individually compression molded pieces, whereas epoxy resin prepregs with glass cloth are used for the step-press process. This process may also add special layers of aramid fleece and high-temperature- resistant imide films to increase the crack resistance and electrical breakdown strength. The hydraulic and autoclave molding process may also use these materials, although continuous-filament nonwoven fiberglass sheets, preimpregnated with epoxy resins by 3M Company under the Scotchply trade name, have been the most successful. The resins selected for slot cell insulation must be physically tough, resistant to thermal aging, and have a glass transition temperature (TG) for the cured material that is above the peak operating temperature. The TG is the temperature at which the cured resin softens or changes from a crystalline to a rubbery or amorphous state. Operating above this temperature allows the resin to creep out of the reinforcement, destroying the insulation pieces.ROTOR WINDING INSULATION SYSTEMS Most hydrogenerators and low-speed synchronous motors rated up to about 50 MW have salient pole rotor windings. As indicated in Section 1.5.1, the design used on most motors and generators rated less than a few megawatts is called a multilayer wire-wound type. In this design, the insulated magnet wire, which usually has a rectangular cross section, is used. Each pole is constructed with many hundreds of turns of magnet wire several layers deep, wrapped around a laminated steel pole piece. The turn insulation is the magnet wire insulation. Insulating washers and strips are placed between the magnet wire and the laminations to act as the ground insulation. Often, the entire pole may be dipped in an insulting liquid to glue the various components together. Salient pole rotors in machines larger than about 50 MW, and those operating at 1200 rpm and above, favor the “strip on edge” design since it can better withstand rotational centrifugal forces (Section 1.5.1). The poles for this type of winding can be made from either laminated or solid steel. In the case of the solid steel pole type, used on larger high-speed machines, the pole tips can be bolted on or integral. In this case, a thin copper strip is formed into a “picture frame” shape and the coils are usually fully processed, including varnish impregnation, before they are installed on the poles. The only exception is the integral pole type construction for which picture frames have to be connected together to form a coil as they are installed on the pole. Separators act as turn insulation to separate each copper frame from one another. On some copper frames, especially near the pole face, an insulating tape may be applied to the copper to increase the creepage distance. The copper picture frames are connected in series to make the coil. As with the multilayer salient pole design, the winding is isolated from the grounded pole by insulating washers and strips. The bonding varnishes for salient pole designs are selected according to the temperature class of the machine and the hardness and elasticity required for the application. The mica usually chosen for the ground insulation is clear muscovite mica, bonded with shellac, shellacepoxy, or vinylalkyd. Composites of mica splittings , aramid sheets, glass fabrics, and epoxy resins are also used.COLLECTOR INSULATION Unless the rotor winding is of the “brushless” type (in which the DC comes from a rectifiedAC current induced in an auxiliary winding on the rotor), collector rings are needed to bring the positive and negative DC current to synchronous rotor windings. Collector rings are also needed for wound induction rotor windings. The collector assembly is generally manufactured as a separate item that is heat-shrunk onto the rotor shaft at assembly. A wide choice of materials is available for the insulation needs. A common choice for ring insulation is molding mica. Molding mica is a B-stage material that is applied by heat softening to the collector shell or hub along with additional bonding varnish. After wrapping, the mica is subjected to high compressive force by, for example, wrapping with steel wire under tension. The unit is then oven baked to cure the varnish, stripped of the wire, and machined in a lathe to a closely specified outer diameter. The steel collector rings (copper or copper alloy rings are usually used on wound-rotor machines) are then heat-shrunk onto the mica ground insulation. Modern practice is to apply polyester-resin -impregnated fiberglass rovings, under winding tension, between and beyond each ring. After resin curing, the excess material is machined off and a final coat of sealing varnish is brushed over the fiberglass bands and cured. The collector brush-rigging insulation is generally made from molding compounds, laminated boards, or tubes made from paper, cotton, or glass fibers suitably bonded and impreg-nated. The resins chosen for moisture-resistant surfaces of these pieces are very important for good operation.Electrical Insulation for Rotating Machines : Design, Evaluation, Testing, and RepairIEEE Press Series On Power Engineeringby Stone, Greg.Publication: Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (US), 2004.槽绝缘与匝间绝缘 鼠笼式感应电动机是应用最广泛的交流电机。转子由紫铜, 黄铜, 或铝合金焊接成圆环形状嵌置在钢片中。 绕组也可以由铝合金浇铸而成。由于其绕组类似鼠笼子，因此命名为鼠笼式电动机。鼠笼式感应电动机运行不需要换向片等电接触设备。一般在导体和硅钢片之间没有应用的绝缘材料,因为铜或铝对硅钢片在传导性上的差别使得转子在低压运行时不需要绝缘。电动机和发电机里的许多其他类型的转子在更高的电压下运行时需要对地绝缘和匝间绝缘。在小型电机里的转子经常很容易受到损伤， 使用圆的上釉导线可以起到对地绝缘和匝间绝缘的作用。对于带有任意线圈的高压转子，需使用分槽孔和匝间绝缘材料。 这种绝缘材料通常在绕组被安装之前被放置在成型的硅钢片中。一些小转子可以选择使用聚合物粉末通过静电涂层过程涂在上作为绝缘材料。槽绝缘和匝间绝缘材料由绕组的温度、电机的电压和额定功率来决定。板料材料可以是用于中等大小发电机裱糊（芳族聚酰胺）或是用于小型电机的碾压的塑料胶膜粘合布。 一种非常普通槽绝缘材料DMD 为Dacron 的分片, 聚酯薄膜, Dacron (Dupont 商标) , 应用了适当的胶粘剂。 DMD 由Dupont 和其它供应商所做的聚乙烯对苯二酸盐树脂膜和非编织的纤维形成。一系列相似的多层粘合布可方便地用在有不同温度等级的机器上。使用的绝缘膜包括聚乙烯、尼龙, 和聚酰亚胺。非编织的纺织品包括棉花纸,未漂白木浆牛皮纸,芳族聚酰胺纤维层,玻璃纤维层,和聚酯与玻璃纤维膜的组合体。类似的材料以片断的形式被用作切自钢板或轧制机的匝间绝缘。对使用铜线圈的转子, 所使用的绝缘材料是稀薄碾压玻璃纤维布料和聚酯或环氧树脂。二极和四极转子所用的槽绝缘对改铸槽孔单元或槽防护片从时间上经历了从基于云母、牛皮纸、玻璃或石棉布料和合成树脂。这些绝缘材料片断的几种制造方法正在使用中。它们包括各自的源于压缩机的造型,按步压缩造型,并且在金属板模子中对聚酯胶片水压或高压造型。从后面二个方法中得到的长的部分被削减和整理到各自的片断中。聚酯树脂被用来预浸被单独压缩铸造的玻璃织品片断, 但是环氧树脂与玻璃薄片被用于按步过程。这个过程可以加入毛织物和高温耐磨的硫亚氨膜以增加气隙绝缘和电气故障强度。水压和热压过程也可以使用这些材料, 尽管3M公司以Scotchply为商标的连续细丝非编织的玻璃纤维板料与环氧树脂是最棒的。被选择为槽绝缘材料的树脂必须是有很强的韧度, 抗老化性能好的，保持绝缘的软化温度(TG)远在运行时所能达到的温度之上。TG 是所用树脂变柔软或从水晶变为一个橡皮或无定形的状态的温度。运行在这个温度之上，会使树脂逐渐软化,从而毁坏绝缘材料。待添加的隐藏文字内容3转子绕组的绝缘系统多数50兆瓦以上的水轮发电机和低速同步电动机，采用的是突极的转子绕组。 依照1.5.1,节所述，多数容量小于几兆瓦的电动机和发电机设计称为多层导线（绕组）类型。在这种设计中使用的绝缘磁铁导线通常有一个长方形横剖面, 也即扁形导线。每极都由几个几百匝的线圈缠绕在硅钢片叠压成的铁心上所构成。匝间绝缘就是磁铁导线间的绝缘。绝缘的垫圈和小条被安置在磁铁导线和分片之间作为对地绝缘材料。通常, 整个磁极可被浸在绝缘液体以胶合各个的部分。50兆瓦以上的突极电机,运行在1200 rpm 及以上时,设计时倾向"导条放于边缘" ，因为它可能改善承受旋转的离心力量(1.5.1节) 。这种磁极的绕组可由者叠压钢片的或实心钢做成。实心钢磁极被用在大型高转速的电机里。磁极端被固定为一整体。在这种情况下, 稀薄的铜条被做成"画框" 形状，线圈通常也被充分地处理, 包括在他们被安装在极身上之前注入油漆。唯一的例外是隐极类型的“画框”结构在装在极身上时必须连接在一起形成线圈回路。不可缺少杆状分离器作为匝间绝缘材料分离各个铜框架。在一些铜框架, 特别是在磁极表面附近, 可用绝缘胶带来增加铜的移动动距离。铜“画框”被连接为一串线圈。多层线圈的突极电机设计中，绕组被绝缘垫圈隔离从而与地绝缘。在突极电极设计中，所用绝缘油漆应根据温度等级、机械强度和弹性要求等因数来选择。云母中的白云母,与紫胶、环氧紫胶或乙烯基醇酸树脂合成体通常被选择为地面绝缘材料。也可以使用云母、防护板料、玻璃织品和环氧树脂的合成体作为对地绝缘材料。 集电器绝缘 除非转子绕组是"无刷" 型(交流电流产生直流电流的辅助绕组), 否则就需要集电环带来正的和负的直流给同步转子绕组。绕线转子绕组也需要集电环。集电器组装一般是作为热收缩转子轴在组装中的一个分开的项目。在较宽广的范围内选择绝缘材料是很方便的。通常所选择的圆环绝缘材料是造型云母。造型云母是B级绝缘材料，发热变软型的，它与机壳与插孔与另外的接合油漆一起，包裹好以后的云母有较强的抗压能力。例如, 与绷紧钢绳的钢绳包裹在一起然后放在烤箱烘烤油漆, 剥离导线, 然后在车床上根据指定的外径进行加工， 钢的集电环(铜或铜合金圆环通常被使用在绕线转子机器) 然后热收缩成云母地面绝缘材料。现代实践中应用聚酯树脂浸渍的玻璃纤维粗沙, 在绕组紧绷之下, 在和在各个圆环之外之间。 在树脂固化以后, 剩余材料离开机器并封闭漆膜 最后涂料刷在玻璃纤维之上然后固化。集电极电刷- 配置模型的绝缘通常是利用造模化合物做成的,叠片纸板, 或纸做的管子，棉花或玻璃纤维适当地融合成树脂浸渍胶合板。为了更好地操作，选择树脂作为表面抗湿材料显得非常重要。 旋转电机的电气绝缘：设计、评估、测试与维修IEEE 出版之电力工程系列Stone, Greg 著出版: Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (US), 2004.