Heredity or environment.doc

Heredity or environment: which potentials which a person is born with determine in some way what he will do in life. Therefore heredity is fate, a kind of predestination. However, genes do not work in a vacuum; as soon as we begin considering the role that they play in the development of the individual, we see that there can be no development without the interacting environment. No characteristic is caused exclusively by either environment or genes. 2 The relative effects of heredity and environment are most clearly observable in identical twins. Most identical twins are raised together and are remarkably alike in both appearance and behavior. These cases demonstrate that individuals with the same genes, when raised in the same environment, will respond to it in much the same way. They do not indicate what would happen if these identical individuals were raised separately. 3 A number of studies have been made of identical twins raised apart. The twins who were the subjects of these studies lived in America, were raised in much the same physical environments, and experienced much the same nutritional histories. Therefore, as one might expect, they maintained the closest resemblance to each other in physical appearance, height, and weight. Exceptions occurred when one twin had developed a rather severe illness and the other had not; but on the whole everyone is impressed by the great psychological and physical likenesses that exist between identical twins, even those who have been separated from infancy N. N 4 In a study of nineteen sets of twins who had been separated from birth, investigators found that in approximately two thirds of the sets there were no more significant differences than existed among unseparated pairs of twins.N This strongly suggests the power of the genes and the limitation of the effect of environment. However, it must be remembered that, although the identical twins who were studied lived in different families far removed N from each other, the environments in those families were not, on the whole, substantially different. Usually every effort would be made to put each child in a home with a background similar to that of its own family, and therefore it should not be surprising to find that the twins developed similarly. But in those cases in which there had been a greater difference in the environments of the separated twins, the differences between the twins were more substantial. The following case illustrates what happens to identical twins when they are brought up in contrasting environments. 5 Gladys and Helen were born in a small Ohio town and were separated at about eighteen months of age. They did not meet again until they were twenty-eight years old. Helen had been adopted twice. Her first foster parents had proved N to be unstable, and Helen had been returned to the orphanage after a couple of years; after several months she was again adopted, by a farmer and his wife who lived in southeastern Michigan. This was her home for the next twenty-five years. Her second foster-mother, though she had had few educational advantages herself N, was determined that Helen should receive a good education; Helen eventually graduated from college, taught school for twelve years, married at twenty-six, and had a daughter. 6 Gladys was adopted by a Canadian railroad conductor and his wife. When she was in the third grade, the family moved to a rather isolated part of the Canadian Rockies N, where there were no schools, and Gladys' formal education came to an end, and was not resumed until the family moved to Ontario N. She stayed at home and did housework until she was seventeen, and then went to work in a knitting mill. She went to Detroit N at nineteen, got a job, and married when she was twenty-one. 7 Helen had been healthier than Gladys, in childhood and adulthood, but other than that, their environments had been very similar except N for their education. Their weight, height, hair color, and teeth were very similar. The differences that distinguished them were obviously associated with the different social lives they had led. 8 Helen was confident, graceful, made the most of her personal appearance, and showed considerable polish and ease in social relationships. Gladys was shy, self-conscious, quiet and without charming or graceful manners. A scientist who studied them remarked, "As an advertisement for a college education the contrast between these two twins should be quite effective N." 9 Considering the nature of their environmental experiences, the differences in Helen and Gladys are not surprising. Since psychological traits depend so much upon experience, it is to be expected that they will reflect it. On the other hand, traits that are not liable to be influenced by the environment are more likely to exhibit a high degree of similarity in identical twins. Important as they are N, genes alone are never absolutely responsible for any trait. What we can do is set by the genes, but what we actually do is largely determined by the environment. (823 words) 状语从句的翻译状语从句包括时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句和结果状语从句、方式状语从句、比较状语从句等类型。状语从句的翻译应注意以下几个方面。1语序处理许多状语从句翻译时，可以按照原文顺序。例如：1) If twins interest you, Twinsburg will fascinate you.如果你对双胞胎感兴趣的话，那么双胞胎镇会使你着迷。（条件状语从句）2) When they were reunited at the age of 39, they discovered a series of striking similarities.当他们在39岁重逢时，发现了一系列惊人的相同之处。（时间状语从句）3) Important as they are, genes alone are never absolutely responsible for any trait.尽管基因十分重要，但是基因本身决不能完全决定任何一个特点。（让步状语从句）4) Since psychological traits depend so much upon experience, it is to be expected that they will reflect it.由于心理特点在很大程度上取决于经历，可想而知心理特点也反映经历。（原因状语从句）5) Overall, parents in professional families proved most talkative; they made nearly twice as many statements per hour to their kids as working-class parents did and about four times as many as welfare parents.总体说来，职业家庭的父母最健谈；他们每小时对孩子说的话几乎是工人家庭父母的两倍，是福利救济家庭父母的四倍。（比较状语从句）另有一些状语从句在翻译时，可将状语从句译出后，位置前移。例如：1) These cases do not indicate what would happen if these identical individuals were raised separately.但这些例子并不能说明，如果把这些同卵双胞胎分开抚养会发生什么情况。（条件状语从句）2) They did not meet again until they were twenty-eight years old.她们直到28岁才再次相遇。（时间状语从句）2转换译法在不少情况下，要将某种状语从句按照上下文的需要，在翻译时译成其他类型的状语从句，使译文更符合汉语习惯。例如：1) Skill and patience will succeed where force fails.在蛮力做不到的时候，技巧和耐心会帮助人成功。（地点状语从句转译成时间状语从句）2) Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.如果Example(s): Mary demonstrates her love by bringing me flowers.机器发生故障，就把电门关上。（时间状语Example(s): The resemblance between the twins is striking.The film bears little or no resemblance to the novel. AdditionalExample(s): Therefore, as one might expect, they maintained the closest resemblance to each other in physical appearance, height, and weight. They have much resemblance to each otherAre they twins? 从句转1. Directions: Choose an appropriate word or phrase to complete each of the following sentences. 1. No two leaves from the same tree are _. A. identical B. original C. analytical D. critical 2. He made such a _ contribution to the university that they are naming one of the buildings after him. A. genuine B. modest C. minimum D. generous 3. One method by which stores advertise their goods is to _ them in attractive ways in the store windows. A. convey B. display C. consult D. confront 4. There are no tickets _ for Monday's performance. A. preferable B. considerable C. possible D. available 5. I thought your idea was a good one, so I _ it. A. treated B. adopted C. acquired D. adjusted 6. James is no _ a good student than his brother. A. more B. much C. more of D. much as 7. _ the advances of science, the discomforts of old age will no doubt always be with us. A. Except B. Besides C. As for D. Despite 8. A large part of human activity, particularly in relation to the environment, is _ conditions or events. A. in contrast to B. in response to C. in favor of D. in charge of 9. Mary and her father are _ in many ways. A. liking B. likely C. likable D. alike 10. Children are _ to have some accidents as they grow up. A. apparent B. obvious C. bound D. keen 11. This is a(n) _ time in his life, so he may think twice before taking any action. A. abstract B. amazing C. critical D. ambitious 12. They are not the kind of people to _ to threats. A. yield B. classify C. contend D. comply 13. The French pianist who had been praised very highly _ to be a great disappointment. A. proved out B. proved C. turned D. turned in 14. Half the people didn't _ until nine o'clock. A. show in B. show off C. show over D. show up 15. Much _ I love him, I can't forgive his action. A. that B. like C. as D. of 2. Directions: Complete each of the following sentences with a word or phrase from the box. Change the form if necessary. considering approximately be responsible for be liable to resemblance devote () to as severe make the most of have nothing to do with 1. The secretary will arranging the meeting. 2. If he is found guilty, the man will be given a B sentence by the judge. 3. An Olympic marathon is 42.195 kilometers, the distance from Marathon to Athens. 4. Tired I was, I went on working. 5. She all her spare time her family. 6. The boys show great . Are they twins? 7. You must your time and energy. Otherwise you can't do your job well. 8. I know he is more than 75, but he is still very strong and active his age. 9. I'm sure that the man the bank robbery, he is innocent. 10. All of us fail, but failure is not so terrible. 3. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and decide whether the statements below are true or false. Write "T" for true and "F" for false. Dr. Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.Dr. Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back on. Dr. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.1. In Dr. Papousek's experiment, babies made learned movements of the head in order to be rewarded with milk.2. The babies would be pleased to see the light because they succeeded in "switching on" the lights.3. According to Dr. Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of a basic human desire to understand and control the world.4. Dr. Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby would carry out learned movements only when it had enough to drink.5. According to the passage, babies learn to do things which will satisfy their curiosity.