中美慈善文化的差异和成因.doc

毕 业 设 计 (论 文) 论文题目：On Differences and Causes between Chinese and American Charity Culture 中美慈善文化的差异及成因 学院名称： XXXX 专 业： XXXX 班 级： XXXX 姓 名： XXX 学 号 XXX 指导教师： XXX 职 称 XXX 日期： 年 月 日ABSTRACTCharity has become an ever-increasing hot topic in China recently. As a significant part of the social insurance, charity plays an essential role in the society, which is called as the Third Distribution of the society, at the same time, Chinese charity culture has a far-reaching effect on its charity development. Until now, there are many researches on the philanthropy at home and abroad, however, more and more researchers pay much attention to the differences between the Chinese and American charity. The charity of the United States are well-developed and supplies a solid foundation for the social insurance to some extent, while the Chinese charity culture are quite far from catching up with its socialist cultural development and needs to a further improvement. Even though, Chinese charity has a certain development under the effect of the recent natural disasters and charitable entrepreneurs, there still exists a wide gap between Chinese and American charity. The reason for the gap is the different cultural circumstances between China and America. And it is helpful to our philanthropy development to study the differences and causes between Chinese and American charity culture.The thesis aims to present the differences and causes between Chinese and American charity and the complementary relationship between charity culture and philanthropy from the perspective of definitions and differences aspects and different historical development. KEY WORDS: Chinese and American Charity Culture; Differences; Causes摘 要近年来，慈善在中国日益成为了焦点话题。作为社会保障的重要组成部分，慈善事业发挥着基础作用，并被形象地称为社会的“第三次分配”，而中国的慈善文化对其慈善事业的影响意义深远而广泛。到目前为止，关于国内国外慈善事业的研究已经不少，而近年来，越来越多学者将目光投向中美慈善事业的差异上：在美国，慈善事业发展迅速且较为完善，为社会保障提供了一定的物质基础，而在中国，慈善文化远远不能适应我国社会主义文化发展的需要，中国的慈善事业还有待于进一步地提高。虽然中国慈善事业在近几年的自然灾害及慈善企业家带动下有一定的发展，但中美慈善事业的差距依然悬殊，究其原因，在于中美不同的慈善文化环境。研究中美慈善文化差异及成因有助于我们学人所长，促进我国慈善事业蓬勃发展。本文主要从慈善文化的定义、中美慈善文化的差异所体现的方面、中美慈善问话不同的历史发展过程对中美慈善文化进行比较研究，并探索造成中美慈善文化差异的成因，希望能够更全面地展示慈善文化与慈善事业相辅相成的关系。关键词：中美慈善文化；差异；成因ContentsIntroduction11. Charity Culture21.1 Definitions of Charity Culture.2 1.1.1 Definitions of Charity Culture . 2 1.1.2 Differences of Definitions between China and US Charity Culture 21.2 The Value of Charity Culture.2 1.2.1 Charity Culture and Charity . 2 1.2.2 Charity Culture and Harmonious Culture of Socialism 32. The Differences of Charity Culture42.1 From the Aspect of Culture.42.2 From the Aspect of History.42.3 From the Aspect of Behavioral Practices and Patterns53. The Development of Charity Culture63.1 The Development of American Charity Culture.63.1.1 Charity in America63.1.2 Characteristics of American Charity Culture63.1.3 Modernization of American Charity Culture73.2 The Development of Chinese Charity Culture . 83.2.1 Characteristics of Ancient Chinese Charity Culture83.2.2 Characteristics of Modern Chinese Charity Culture84. Causes of the Charity Cultural Differences94.1 Thoughts Origins of Chinese Charity Culture . .9 4.1.1 Confucian- "Benevolence" 9 4.1.2 Taoism &Buddhism 94.2 Thoughts Origins of American Charity Culture10 4.2.1 Philanthropy 10 4.2.2 Emotions Related with Philanthropy 10Conclusion11Reference12Acknowledgement13IntroductionCharity has become an ever-increasing hot topic in China recently. As a significant part of the social insurance, charity plays an essential role in the society, which is called as the Third Distribution of the society, at the same time, Chinese charity culture has a far-reaching effect on its charity development. Until now, there are many researches on the philanthropy at home and abroad, however, more and more researchers pay much attention to the differences between the Chinese and American charity. The charity of the United States are well-developed and supplies a solid foundation for the social insurance to some extent, while the Chinese charity culture are quite far from catching up with its socialist cultural development and needs to a further improvement. Even though, Chinese charity has a certain development under the effect of the recent natural disasters and charitable entrepreneurs, there still exists a wide gap between Chinese and American charity. The reason for the gap is the different cultural circumstances between China and America. And it is helpful to our philanthropy development to study the differences and causes between Chinese and American charity culture.The thesis is divided into four chapters: Chaper1 focuses on the definition and value of charity culture, and Chapter2 studies about the differences from the aspects of history, behavioral motive, behavioral practices and patterns and entity of activity and Chapter3 illustrates the development of charity culture in America and China. And Chapter4 analyzes the causes of these differences.1. Charity Culture1.1 Definitions of Charity Culture1.1.1 Definitions of Charity Culture In the broad perspective, charity culture is seen as a natural extension of ideology and behavioral pattern at a certain period in geographical populations. The core of charity culture is altruism and the expansion of charity culture is to create a full-bodied humanistic care and lessen conflicts and reconcile contradiction. “Charity culture can be described as the sum of all the ideology, institution of law, institutional framework and behavioral activities that supports the development of philanthropy. ”(孔润年,2004). In particular, it includes four main aspects which are complementary to each other as follows below:First, it means the value orientation, aesthetic interests and thinking method from humanitarian social and ideological significance of cognitive activity. Second, it refers to all the meaning of social norms and system from the system. Third, it includes all the material progress from the aspects of material through philanthropy. Fourth, it refers to the formation of the customs of people communication and behavior patterns in the form of definition, rules or etiquette charity from behavioral significance.1.1.2 Differences of Definitions between China and US Charity Culture Theres a big difference in the definition of charity culture between China and US charity culture. Chinese definition of charity comes directly from the ancient connotation, whose “ci” means love from the old generation to the next generation, while “shan” means the fraternity and interaction between people. The Chinese Dictionary says that charity means kindness, love and compassion. However, in the United States, the two words “charity” and “charity culture” work together to form a specific definition. “The Merriam-Webster” defines “charity” as a human kindness goodwill or love or generous and helpful, especially to the poor or pain; also an aid to those in need or an institution engaged in relief for the poor. “Philanthropy” means goodwill to fellow members of the human race, especially active effort to promote human welfare. 1.2 The Value of Charity Culture 1.2.1 Charity Culture and Charity Modern philanthropy consists of five elements: the nation and government that sets the law; the charitable organizations that inspire the public to provide service and donations; the donators (individual or enterprise) that donate fund, goods, knowledge and time; the beneficiaries which are often the Vulnerable groups and public services; mass communication that spread the information and ideas to educate, promote and supervise as well. The five elements join together to form the basis of charity culture with the aim of fair, justice and equality. ( 王丽芳，2007)Charity culture and charity are complementary to each other, and rebuilding the former must develop charity. The thesis will talk about it from the perspective of cultural anthropology. Geertz, a famous scholar in this field, explained the control of human behavior at a very interesting angle - culture. He explained in the book The Interpretation of Cultures that “all of our thoughts, value, actions, even emotions are the products of culture.” Therefore, charity culture is the basis and internal motive of charity, while the latter serves as a carrier of communication and a body of formation. (林徐乐，2009)1.2.2 Charity Culture and Harmonious Culture of SocialismCharity culture play an important role in the construction of a harmonious society. First of all, it is an important part of the fundamental interests of the advanced socialist culture, and on behalf of the vast majority of Chinese people. Second, it is a health point of view of wealth. It is proposed that the wealthy should use wealth more responsible and compassionate to help the poor, and society. Third, this is an active force in promoting social harmony, if easy to understand and accept, promoting the criticism.Above all, the main points of the research in charity culture did help to improve the charitable activities and social harmonious whole.2. The Differences between Chineseand American Charity CultureIn general, Chinese charity culture tends to be more conservative, political and attaches great importance to the education of the open, democratic, instinctive response than the open, democratic and instinctive one in the United States. Here the thesis will discuss about it from the following three aspects.2.1 From the Aspect of HistoryThe thoughts origin of Chinese charity go back to ancient times, which evolves into good atmosphere of benevolence, mutual assistance and dedication. Filial piety in Confucianism is a “universal love” beyond family relationships. Following the tune, there were many philanthropists and charitable activities in ancient China, such as the “悲田养病坊”(a lane to recuperate) in Tang Dynasty, etc. With benevolent governance in Confucianism being most highly praised in Song Dynasty, charity enjoyed a boom period as the symbol of benevolence. The China charity back to ancient times, evolution of the thought origins into the good atmosphere, mutual assistance and dedication of love. In the Confucian filial piety is a "universal love" beyond the family relationships. After this song, there are many philanthropists and charitable activities in ancient China, such as "grief field for illness fang" (spa) a lane in the tang dynasty, and so on. In the Confucian benevolent governance is the most highly praised in the song dynasty, charity enjoys a boom as a symbol of kindness. In particular charities have set in addition to the famine years, winter, when the organization institutionalization and organized. This is not interrupt, until establish China lasted for nearly 40 years of institutional reasons. Since the 1990 s, a citizen's philanthropy has made significant progress, but the foundation is weak in the early, still hinder the history of the China charity culture inheritance.The charity is becoming more and more mature through long-term accumulation of history. American philanthropic tradition is as well as the rules and laws in Europe, notably Britain. In Europe, the first charity is considered to be of Plato's academy in Athens, which was left to his nephew for the benefit of the followers only. After that, the ancient Rome set up some charities to help the sick or fund merciful man. Then with the rise of Christianity, the religious related charity is under the control of the church. Orphanages, hospitals, schools and other institutions were held with a new donation idea, aiming at wider people than the poor and rather indirect ways. The new idea become the source of the modern American charity culture.Therefore, the middle of the 20th century witnessed the change of the charities to modern charitable foundations to cooperate with other research institutions to solve the social problems. The activity here is under a wide lead philanthropy rather than personal sense of charity. Then, at the beginning of the 20th century witnessed the birth, maturity of a new concept of charity, in fact, from the ancient Greek and Roman. It may be the best described in the Rockefeller foundation, for the purpose of "improving the welfare of all human". This promotes the charity support in social problem from the root rather than solve temporarily. Therefore, it is the first time that introduced charity service system and a large number of resources science.2.2 From the Aspect of Behavioral Motive and Public ResponseIn fact, donation itself is more than a merely selfless devotion, but a non-commercial economic exchange. Donators give away money or goods to comfort themselves, feel good, improve public image or raise social status, etc. No matter positive or negative the motives of donation, it does make a difference. Donators donate money or goods to comfort themselves, feel good, improve the public image and improve the social status, and so on. No matter positive or negative donation motivations, it does make a difference.In China, doing the good is often thought of as an effective way of personal cultivation. The values of people are the conscience, selfless dedication, and high moral image. Motivation comes from ideas, so people are less constraint on spontaneous charity instinctively. Greatly hindered the development of philanthropy, as can be seen clearly from the motivation of public reaction to charity. For example, after the China's top philanthropist (Chen), chairman of jiangsu huangpu recycle resources use co., LTD., announced a comprehensive donation in the charity dinner, buffett and Bill Gates media is full of confusion and problems, and criticism, making a complaint that it's just for a tycoon to promote their company.Instead, American charity is as a heteronomous demand respect and fear of god, so it is striking. In addition, the charity is an effective way to move back and forth to and fro wealth and spiritual freedom away from materialism. It ha