14Commercial-Law-法律英语配套ppt课件.ppt

2023/3/31,法律英语,1,Lesson Fourteen,Commercial Law,2023/3/31,法律英语,2,Background,Commercial Law：All the law which applies to the rights,relations and conduct of persons and businesses engaged in commerce,merchandising,trade and sales.In recent years this body of law has been codified in the Uniform Commercial Code,which has been almost universally adopted by the states.(http:/,2023/3/31,法律英语,3,Commercial lawState lawThe National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws 统一各州法律全国代表大会,2023/3/31,法律英语,6,Part one,Article 1,Section 8 of the Constitution(commercial clause)The Congress shall have power to“regulate commerce with foreign nations,and among the several states,and with the Indian tribes”国会有权“规制与外国的商业活动，州际商业活动，以及与印第安部落的商业活动。”,2023/3/31,法律英语,7,The brevity of this clause belies the fact,Its interpretation has played a significant role in shaping the concepts of federalism and the permissible uses of national power throughout our history.这一条款的简短性误导了一个事实，即:这一条款的解释在历史上联邦主义概念的形成和国家权力的运用方面起了重要作用。,2023/3/31,法律英语,8,The federal government,Was granted neither a general police power nor the inherent right to act on any subject matter in order to promote the health,safety or welfare of the people throughout the nation.联邦政府既没有被赋予一般公共权力，也没有被赋予改善全国人民健康、安全或社会福利方面的天生的行为权利。The framer did grant Congress a power to regulate commerce.宪法制定者们确实赋予了国会规制商务活动的权力。,2023/3/31,法律英语,9,Federalism,The power over commerce might include the power to promote the economic welfare of the citizens throughout the country.,增加经济福利,2023/3/31,法律英语,10,The grant of power also may be viewed as committing this subject matter to Congress and removing some of the powers of the states to deal with local matters 给予国会权力也可以被看成是将这些事项交给国会，并取消州管理地方事务的某些权力。,2023/3/31,法律英语,11,It can been seen that,Absent some further restriction upon the power,it might indeed be the functional equivalent of a generalized“police power”because much of the activity which takes place within the country,and even within a single state,might be said to relate to economic issues and problems.人们可以发现，缺少对国会权力的进一步限制，这种权力可能就相当于一般化的“公共权力”，因为许多发生在美国甚至于某个州内的行为都可能与经济问题有关。,2023/3/31,法律英语,12,A broad reading of the clause would not only grant a sweeping power to the federal government but it would also restrict the ability of individual states to adopt laws which burden the forms of commerce which were committed to the control of the federal government.对该条款的广义解释，不仅赋予了联邦政府广泛的权力，而且限制了各州采用涉及到由联邦政府控制的商务形式的法律的能力。,2023/3/31,法律英语,13,The history of the commerce clause adjudication 商务条款裁决的历史,The development of doctrines supporting a specific federal power特殊联邦权力原则的发展史,2023/3/31,法律英语,14,Today the Court will uphold the decisions of Congress,So long as there is some rational argument for finding that the items that the Congress regulates fall within the commerce power.只要有合理的证据证明，国会管理的事项在商务权力的范围之内，最高法院将支持国会的决定。,2023/3/31,法律英语,15,Part Two,The Supreme Court today interprets the commerce clause as a complete grant of power.现在，联邦最高法院将商务条款解释为一种完全的授权。,2023/3/31,法律英语,16,The Tenth Amendment is no longer viewed as a reservation of certain subjects for state regulation.宪法第10修正案不再被看作是对州就某些事项进行管制的保留。,2023/3/31,法律英语,17,Amendment X,The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution,nor prohibited by it to the states,are reserved to the states respectively,or to the people.宪法未授予合众国、也未禁止各州行使的权力，由各州各自保留，或由人民保留。,X,2023/3/31,法律英语,18,Once the justices began to define the commerce power as an independent grant of power rather than in terms of the Tenth Amendment,the production-commerce and direct-indirect distinctions soon passed away.一旦大法官们将商务权力界定为独立授权而不是第10修正案中的授权，生产-商业和直接-间接的区分很快就失去了意义。,2023/3/31,法律英语,19,The Court now will defer to the legislatures choice of economic rationale;the possible economic impact of an activity on commerce among the states will bring it within this power.最高法院将遵从立法机关对经济原理的选择；联邦政府一项行为对州际商务可能产生的经济影响，将使该行为在联邦政府的权力范围之内。,2023/3/31,法律英语,20,The old concepts of physical connection to commerce and the“current of commerce”theories have been discarded as inappropriate judicial restrictions on the commerce power.,2023/3/31,法律英语,21,The Court has finally returned to,Marshalls definition of commerce among the states as that which concerns more states than one.最高法院最终采纳了马歇尔的州际商业活动定义，即涉及到一个以上州的商务活动是州际商务活动。,John Marshall(1755-1835),2023/3/31,法律英语,22,The justices will defer to the legislative choices in this area and uphold laws if there is a rational basis upon which Congress could find a relation between its regulation and commerce.如果国会有根据，能够找出其法规与商业之间的关系，那么法官将遵从立法机关的选择，并支持该法律。,2023/3/31,法律英语,23,Modern Commerce Power Tests现代商务权力检验标准The Modern Delegation of Power Doctrine现代授权原则Motive 动机,2023/3/31,法律英语,24,Modern Commerce Power Tests,1.国会能够就允许州际旅游和航运制定法律、条件和限制，；2.国会可以规制任何与商业有紧密或实质联系的行为，；3.如果“必须且合适”，国会可以规制对商业本无影响的单一州的活动。,2023/3/31,法律英语,25,The Modern Delegation of Power Doctrine,“Delegation”to States or the Executive Branch向州政府或行政部门的授权Congress may pass laws that allow states to independently regulate interstate commerce国会可以通过法律允许州独立规制州际商务。,2023/3/31,法律英语,26,Such laws involve a federal adoption of varying structures for commerce rather than any unconstitutional delegation of the commerce power to the states.这些法律涉及联邦采用各种贸易结构，而没有任何违反宪法地将商务权力授予各州的行为。,2023/3/31,法律英语,27,The political process in modern times,Has resulted in federal control of wide variety of intrastate and multistate commercial matters;it has become impossible for the Congress to define with precision the scope and meaning of its commercial statutes.现代政治进程使得联邦控制了广泛的州内和州际事务，国会已无法准确定义商务法规的内涵和外延。,2023/3/31,法律英语,28,The past half century has witnessed,Increased congressional use of federal executive agencies to administer federal statutes and to promulgate regulations which effectuate legislative policies.半个世纪以来，国会越来越多地运用联邦行政机构，由它们管理联邦法律、颁布履行立法政策的行政法规。,2023/3/31,法律英语,29,The Congress may delegate both rulemaking and administrative functions to the executive branch or agencies it establishes.国会可以授权它所建立的行政部门或机构制定行政法规和进行行政管理。,2023/3/31,法律英语,30,The Supreme Court will allow Congress to share its legislative power with the executive branch by delegating aspects of that power to executive agencies.最高法院允许国会通过授权行政机构将立法权分配给行政部门。,2023/3/31,法律英语,31,Such legislative delegations will be upheld unless Congress abdicates one of its powers to the executive agency or fails to give legislative definition of the scope of the agencys power.这种立法性授权将得到最高法院的支持，除非国会将某项权力放弃给行政机关，或者没有就该行政机关的权力范围给出立法性界定。,2023/3/31,法律英语,32,If Congress were to grant a private group the power to control its competitors,如果国会想授予一个私人集团控制其竞争者的权力，There might be a procedural problem regarding whether the persons regulated were deprived of due process by being subject to the will of entities with interests contrary to theirs.就会出现程序问题，涉及到那些被规制的人是否因为必须服从于与其利益对立的实体的意志而被剥夺了正当程序（权利）。,2023/3/31,法律英语,33,Motive,If Congress is regulating an activity that may be deemed to come under the three-part test for the commerce power,the motive of the Congress in passing the regulation is irrelevant.如果国会管制的行为被认为是符合商务权力的三个标准，那么国会制定该法规的动机是无关紧要的。,2023/3/31,法律英语,34,Motive,Congress may exercise its commerce power for clearly noncommercial reasons.国会可以出于非商业理由行使其商务权力。,2023/3/31,法律英语,35,If,There is a rational basis for finding a sufficient relationship between the regulation and commerce,the act is within the commerce power.如果有根据发现法规与商务活动之间存在足够联系，那么该法规就在商务权力范围之内。,2023/3/31,法律英语,36,Part Three,The legal profession,under the leadership of the American Law Institute,has suggested comprehensive codes of laws to be adopted by the states.法律界人士在美国法学会的领导下，建议各州采纳综合的法典。,2023/3/31,法律英语,37,Uniform Commercial Code,统一各州法律全国代表大会,美国法学会,2023/3/31,法律英语,38,In 1942,the Uniform Commercial Code(UCC)was designed as a joint project between the American Law Institute and the National Conference of Commissioners.It took ten years for the appointed editorial board and drafting committees to produce an official text.,2023/3/31,法律英语,39,All fifty states and the District of Columbia and the Virgin Islands have adopted the UCC in whole or in part.Louisiana has adopted only Articles 1,3,4 and 5.,Louisiana,2023/3/31,法律英语,40,General Provision 总则Sales 买卖Commercial Paper 商业票据Bank Deposit and Collections 银行存款和收款 Letters of Credit 信用证 Bulk Transfers 大宗转让 Documents of Title 所有权凭证 Investment Securities 投资证券Secured Transactions 担保交易Effective Date and Repealer 生效日期和废止,2023/3/31,法律英语,41,UCC,Expands and codifies the law merchant and common law in order to modernize,clarify,standardize,and liberalize the rules.扩大商业习惯法和普通法，并将其编撰成法典，以促进其现代化，并阐述其法规，使之标准化、自由化。,2023/3/31,法律英语,42,The codes,Also helps to clarify the legal relationship of the parties in modern commercial transactions.统一商法典还有助于明确现代商务交易中当事人间的法律关系。,2023/3/31,法律英语,43,UCC,Help determine the intentions of the parities to a commercial contract and to give force and effect to their agreement.统一商法典有助于确定商务合同签约当事人的意图，使他们签定的合同具有强制力。,2023/3/31,法律英语,44,UCC,Encourage business transactions by assuring businesspersons that their contract will be enforced.通过使商人们确信他们签定的合同有强制执行力，来鼓励商业交易的发展。,2023/3/31,法律英语,45,主要专业词汇,Commercial LawThe Uniform Commercial Codeeconomic welfarecommerce clausecomplete grant of powercommerce powerModern Commerce Power TestsModern Delegation of Power Doctrine,2023/3/31,法律英语,46,Executive Branch interstate commerce unconstitutional delegation Rulemakingexecutive agenciesdue process American Law Institutelaw merchantcommercial transactionbusiness transaction,2023/3/31,法律英语,47,Sales 买卖Commercial Paper 商业票据Bank Deposit and Collections 银行存款和收款 Letters of Credit 信用证 Bulk Transfers 大宗转让 Documents of Title 所有权凭证 Investment Securities 投资证券Secured Transactions 担保交易,2023/3/31,法律英语,48,1.Questions about the text2.Listening Comprehension,Exercises,