毕业论文(设计)炼油企业伦理决策模型初探14438.doc
炼油企业伦理决策模型初探刘恒 刘先涛(西南石油学院工商管理学院,成都,610500)摘要:炼油企业要正确进行投资决策,不仅要注重经济分析,而且还应注重伦理分析。由此提出了炼油企业伦理决策的思路和方法,给出了炼油企业伦理决策的指标体系,建立了相应的炼油企业伦理决策数学模型,并且进行了实例分析。计算结果表明所提出的模型是合理、实用的。关键词:炼油企业 伦理决策 指标体系 模型随着我国经济的不断发展,社会对于能源的需求也在不断的增长。炼油企业在国民经济中扮演着越来越重要的角色。实践表明,传统的企业经营中的单纯追求“利润最大化”的非伦理经营已经呈现出越来越多的弊端,而更加人性化和伦理化的伦理经营已经被越来越多的企业和企业经营者所重视。企业伦理是企业一种极为宝贵的无形资产,它可以使企业的经济效益和社会效益相得益彰。通常企业在面临生产决策时,一般只进行经济效益的决策,很少进行伦理决策。作为一个负责任的企业以及一个负责任的企业家,在进行经济决策的同时应当而且也需要进行伦理决策。在这种情况下企业如何建立其伦理决策的模型,并借助它来进行伦理决策,这是一个值得人们探讨的重要课题。1 炼油企业伦理概述炼油企业伦理就是对参与炼油企业生产经营各方行为善恶进行判断的规范,着重从道德的角度思考炼油企业在生产经营过程中出现的有关问题,对炼油企业的生产经营行为进行道德评判1。炼油企业伦理所要解决的问题就内容上可以分为炼油企业与消费者(顾客)关系中的伦理问题、炼油企业与供应者关系中的伦理问题、炼油企业与竞争者关系中的伦理问题、炼油企业与所有者关系中的伦理问题、炼油企业与环境关系中的伦理问题等等。石油化工产品的消费者、炼油企业供应链中的各油田、来自同行业的其他炼油企业以及替代产品的生产者、炼油企业的各种所有者、炼油企业所面临的自然环境和社区环境等构成了炼油企业主要的利益相关者。随着我国市场经济体制建设步伐的加快,炼油企业处在一个竞争激烈、瞬息万变的市场经济社会里,利润关系到每一个炼油企业的命运。但是,作为基础产业部门,炼油企业决不能为了追求短期的经济利益而不顾企业长远的发展。企业伦理建设的根本任务是造就“道德的企业”和“道德的个人”1。炼油企业作为一级社会经济组织存在于这个社会上,它必然要肩负一定的社会责任。炼油企业肩负的社会责任主要包括经济责任、法律责任和道德责任三方面1。同其他企业一样,炼油企业的经济责任可以概括为传统的追求利润最大化的问题,这也是一般情况下决策者最为关心的问题,而炼油企业的法律责任可以概括为在法律允许的范围内依据法律合法经营的问题,这是宏观政策环境对炼油企业提出的最基本的要求。有的炼油企业经营者在履行经济责任的时候,会采取一些介于法律和道德之间的做法,这时候企业的行为即便是合法的,但不一定是道德的,这就会涉及到炼油企业的道德责任问题。炼油企业道德责任的另外一个方面就是在面临不同的利益相关者时,所要承担的社会责任是不一样的。只有当炼油企业充分完成了应当承担的与利益相关者之间的各种责任,才是一个“道德的企业”。而炼油企业的员工,既作为相关权力的享有者,又作为炼油企业社会责任的承担者,炼油企业伦理的实践者,也只有很好的完成了这些责任,才能够说是一个“道德的个人”。因此,炼油企业及其成员完成社会责任情况的好与坏,是评价炼油企业及其成员道德与否的一个重要依据。2 炼油企业伦理决策的内容及指标体系的建立2. 1 炼油企业伦理决策的内容炼油企业最终经营结果的好坏,很大程度上取决于决策机制的好与坏。在现代企业制度下,炼油企业的决策机制除了要满足发掘企业内在动力,激发企业决策机制的生机和增强协调功能,提高企业决策机制的效率等几方面的要求外,还应该对炼油企业肩负的社会责任有清楚的了解,并以此为基础在决策内容上引入伦理的因素进行决策。要求炼油企业除了要考虑决策可能带来的经济利益以外,还得考虑可能带来的对环境、对消费者等利益相关者可能带来的道德方面的问题。对一般的企业伦理决策而言,伦理决策内容主要涉及到企业与消费者,企业与供应者,企业与竞争者,企业与环境,企业与所有者,企业与员工之间的伦理问题1。根据炼油企业本身的生产特性和实际情况,炼油企业的伦理问题主要是炼油企业与所有者的伦理问题,即炼油企业怎样维护所有者的经济效益问题,这个问题一般在进行经济决策的时候就完成了,那么炼油企业与消费者、炼油企业与环境以及炼油企业与员工之间的伦理问题即构成了炼油企业伦理决策的主要内容。2. 2 炼油企业伦理决策指标体系的建立在进行任何一项伦理决策的时候,不同的决策者有不同的考虑。这也就是说,伦理决策与决策者的利益决策发生矛盾的时候,决策者个人的因素就显得尤为重要。这时候就表现出伦理决策在结果上的混合性(每个备选方案都涉及到企业的社会效益和经济效益)和不确定性1。在建立炼油企业的伦理决策模型之前,为了使炼油企业能科学、客观进行伦理决策,有必要建立一套全面、客观、具有可比性和可操作性的决策指标体系。建立炼油企业伦理决策指标体系,需从炼油企业担负的道德责任和法律责任入手。在炼油企业与消费者方面,炼油企业需要担负的社会责任主要有:满足消费者的需求、价格合理、产品安全、质量保证、售后服务等。在炼油企业与环境方面,炼油企业担负的社会责任主要有:“三废”治理问题,资源的综合利用,“清洁生产”等。在炼油企业与员工方面,炼油企业担负的社会责任主要有:员工的薪酬、员工生产安全、员工的培训等1。在此基础上,结合炼油企业的法律责任和经济责任,便构成了企业的伦理决策的主要内容。于是得到炼油企业伦理决策指标体系的结构,如表1所示。表1 炼油企业伦理决策指标体系内容炼油企业伦理指数Xk (k=1,2,3)伦理指标体系伦理指标体系指数Ykl指标权重Wkl炼油企业伦理综合评价指数X炼油企业与消费者 X1满足消费者的需求 Y11W11价格合理 Y12W12产品安全 Y13W13质量保证 Y14W14售后服务 Y15W15炼油企业与环境 X2“三废”治理 Y21W21资源的合理利用 Y22W22“清洁生产” Y23W23炼油企业与员工 X3员工的薪酬Y31W31 员工生产安全Y32W32员工的培训 Y33W33其他 Y34W343 炼油企业伦理决策模型3. 1 炼油企业伦理决策模型建立的思路设决策目标集为X=X1 ,X2,X3,其中每个Xk(k=1,2,3)又是由l个子目标组成,记为Xk=Yk1,Yk2Ykl2。在决策方案中对不同的伦理指标体系指数赋予不同的数值,即完成了对指标的量化。关于对表1中所列的定性的伦理指标体系指数量化,一般采用五阶段量表进行量化处理,如表2所示。表2 五阶段量表很不好不好一般好很好12345炼油企业伦理指数Xk的值就可以根据下列公式求得:Xk= (1)由(1)式可以看出,由于的集合为=1,2,3,4,5,而01,且=1那么炼油企业的伦理指数Xk是在0到5之间取值。造成Xk取值不同的原因,是因为决策者在面临不同的伦理指标体系时,结合自己的经济考虑,侧重点不同造成的。同理,考虑的侧重点不一样,也会给炼油企业带来不同的经济利益。这就是说,当我们在处理实际决策问题的时候,各伦理指标体系指数Ykl以及指标体系指数的权重Wkl,在不同的方案中或是不同的决策者进行决策时,是不尽相同的,就形成了不同的方案。这样,我们就可以把企业的伦理指数与决策者所希望带来的不同经济效益相结合,组成不同的决策模型。3. 2 炼油企业伦理决策模型的建立在进行此类伦理决策的时候,决策者往往很难在经济利益与企业的伦理指数、以及不同的伦理指数之间找出一种比较确定的关系。所以,一般情况下,当炼油企业在进行伦理决策时,面临的多半是指标间关系为不定形式的多指标决策。并可通过指标间关系为不定形式的多指标决策模型3,来建立相应的炼油企业伦理决策模型。假设有m个可行方案,则由不同方案的炼油企业伦理指数X1 、X2 、X3和年经济效益的期望值X4这四个评价指标构造出该问题的决策矩阵为:D= (2)对上述决策矩阵进行标准化处理,可以运用向量归一化方法予以求解,求得标准化矩阵R。rij= (3)(;) R= (4)待添加的隐藏文字内容2指标间关系为不定形式的多指标决策的求解方法常用“最大最小法”和“最大最大法”3。当用最大最小法进行决策,选取方案时,最优方案At应当满足: (5) 而当用最大最大法进行决策,选取方案时,最优方案At应当满足: (6)4 应用举例假定某炼油厂拟设立分厂,在进行经济分析时提出了五个预备方案分别为A1 、A2 、A3 、A4 和A5,其年经济收益的期望值X4分别为:X14 =2 200万元,X24 2 100万元,X34 2 000万元,X44 2 150万元,X54=2 300万元。经过慎重考虑,分厂伦理指标体系指数及其权重的取值如表3所示。表3 某炼油厂伦理决策指标体系内容企业伦理指数XK i(k=1,2,3)伦理指标体系伦理指标体系指数Ykl指标权重WklXklA1A2A3A4A5炼油企业伦理综合评价指数X炼油企业与消费者 X1满足消费者的需求 Y11 0.151234价格合理 Y120.145123产品安全 Y130.334512质量保证 Y140.223451售后服务 Y150.312345炼油企业与环境 X2“三废”治理 Y210.654321资源的合理利用 Y220.143215“清洁生产” Y230.332154炼油企业与员工 X3员工的薪酬Y310.354321员工生产安全Y320.443215员工的培训 Y330.232154其他 Y340.121543首先,通过(1)式算出在不同的方案下的Xk值。在方案一(A1)当中,有X11=50.1+40.1+30.3+20.2+10.3=2.5;X12=50.6+40.1+30.3=4.3;X13=50.3+40.4+30.2+20.1=3.9;同理,在方案二(A2)当中,有X21=3.0,X22=3.3,X23=2.9;在方案三(A3)当中,有X31= 3.5,X32=2.3,X33=2.4;在方案四(A4)当中,有X41= 3.0,X42=2.8,X43=2.4;在方案五(A5)当中,有X51=3.0, X52=2.3,X53=3.4。接着,根据算出的不同方案下的炼油企业伦理指数Xk的值和已知的年经济效益期望值X4的值,构造出和(2)式相类似的决策矩阵。 D= (7)然后,用(3)式对上述决策矩阵进行标准化处理,得到类似于(4)式的标准化矩阵。 R= (8)再根据计算结果用最大最小法或者最大最大法进行决策。当用最大最小法时,有= (9)所以按照最大最小法选取的最优方案为方案二。当用最大最大法时,有= (10)所以按照最大最大法选取的最优方案为方案一。综上,在该问题中可以选取的方案为方案一或者方案二。5 结论及建议(1)给出了炼油企业伦理决策指标体系,建立了相应的炼油企业伦理决策模型,并且进行了实例分析,计算与分析表明,本文提出的模型是合理、实用的,从而有助于炼油企业的管理者和决策者正确进行伦理决策。(2)在炼油企业的决策过程中伦理指标体系指数(Xkl )和指标权重(Wkl)的取值将会直接影响到决策结果,因此,科学、客观地确定它们的取值,对正确进行伦理决策极为重要。(3)炼油企业的决策者可以结合各伦理指标体系指数及其权重,对炼油企业的生产经营以及利益相关者(主要是:消费者、环境、员工)各环节进行有效控制,以保证预期目标的实现。又须指出的是,经济效益与社会效益是相互依存的。因此,建议炼油企业将伦理决策与经济决策同时进行,以便于及时对可能出现的利益冲突进行调和。参 考 文 献1 陈炳富,周祖城编著. 企业伦理学概论. 天津:南开大学出版社,2000. 52 欧阳电平,甘碧群. 企业营销道德测试与评价系统研究. 武汉大学学报(自然科学版),1998,(2):443 张吉军. 现代决策分析方法及应用. 成都:四川大学出版社,2001.11A Tentative Discussion on Ethical Decision-making Model in Oil Refining Enterprises Liu Heng Liu Xiantao(Business Administration School, Southwest Petroleum Institute,Chengdu, 610500) ABSTRACTAn oil refining enterprise should not only pay attention to economic analysis but also to ethical analysis in order to make proper investment decision. This paper raised the thought and methods of ethical decision-making process in oil refining enterprises, provided an index system for ethical decision-making of oil refining enterprises, set up corresponding mathematical model, and carried out instance analysis. The calculating results indicated that the model put forward in this paper was rational and practical. KeyWords: oil refining enterprises, ethical decision, index system, model收稿日期:2004-05-25。作者简介:刘恒,男,1978年出生,西南石油学院工商管理学院教师,在读硕士,主要从事企业营销道德研究。Editor's note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the world's first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, I've still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, you'd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. I'm anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.It's like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line "we" would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and "capcom" (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, "Fearless Felix" will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, he'll be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes it's not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it won't. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way I'd miss this.