毕业论文(设计)上海新型农民带头人的培育途径和培育模式初探.doc
上海新型农民带头人的培育途径和培育模式初探郑江平1,卓丽环1*,毕施华2,许长荣1,朱明德1(1.上海农林职业技术学院,上海松江:201600;2.上海市农业广播电视学校,上海松江:201600)摘 要:通过分析上海新型农民带头人的现状和存在的问题,提出了上海新型农民带头人的培育模式:以产业项目实施为途径、学员共同参与的跟随式培育扶持模式;以扶持农场、专业合作社发展为途径的渗透式服务培育模式;以校企交叉合作、引导创业为途径的后备人才培育扶持模式。关键词:农民;培训;模式;上海Preliminary Study on Patterns of Training New Farmers LeadersZheng Jiangping1, Zhuo Lihuan1, Bi Shihua2, Xu Changrong1, Zhu Mingde1 (1.Shanghai Vocational and Technical College of Agriculture and Forestry, Songjiang,Shanghai,201600;2.Shanghai Municipal Radio and Television School of Agriculture,Songjiang,Shanghai,201600)Abstract: The paper analyzed the current situation and existing problems of new farmers leaders in Shanghai and proposed three patterns of training the new farmers leaders: the accompanying support-based pattern with joint participation via execution of industrial programs, the infiltrating service-based pattern via supporting the development of farms and specialized cooperatives, and the talent reserve-based pattern via the crossing college-enterprise cooperation as well as the undertaking guidance and direction. Key words: farmer,training,pattern,Shanghai近年来,国家高度重视培育和扶持新型农民带头人,如2008年中央1号文件提出,“大力培养农村实用人才,组织实施新农村实用人才培训工程,重点培训种养能手、科技带头人、农村经纪人和专业合作社领办人等”;2010年中央1号文件提出“培养农业科技领军人才”。上海农林职业技术学院“上海培育与扶持新型农民带头人”课题组经过细致调研和分析,对“新型农民带头人”的概念进行了初步界定:在当地专门从事农业某个方面的商品生产、经营或服务活动,自己率先致富并能通过产业链带动周边或区域群众共同致富的能人,是有文化、懂技术、会经营的新一代农民的精英。作为周围农民发展生产经营的样板,新型农民带头人能够带动一面、辐射一片,引领广大农民走上共同致富的道路,他们是我国农业产业结构调整、农民持续增收的前提与保证。1 上海新型农民带头人的现状1.1 队伍总量上海现代农业建设的主体是农民1。由于上海实行“三二一”产业发展方针和城乡一体化方针,郊区劳动力大量转移,农村劳动力结构发生了很大变化。近年来,上海市农委积极引导发展种养大户、农产品营销经纪人,不断推进农业产业化龙头企业、农民专业合作社和农业行业协会等建设,着力培育了一支新型农民带头人队伍。经课题组对松江、奉贤、崇明、浦东四区县各抽取10个村进行调研显示,40个村共有农业劳动力31 560人,其中农民专业合作社的负责人、农产品生产或者加工企业的负责人、大型农家乐经营者、农产品营销经纪人、专业大户、农业社会化服务组织的负责人共计516人,新型农民带头人的比例为1.63%。2009年末,上海市农业从业人员45.55万人2,按照抽样比例推断,目前全市农民带头人约7 400余人。1.2 文化素质与年龄结构新型农民带头人的文化素质整体上仍偏低。课题组对参加上海市农委组织的创业农民班的110名新型农民带头人进行了统计,其中初中文化程度的40人,高中39人,中专15人,大专13人,本科2人,研究生1人,所占比例如图1所示。虽然新型农民带头人中初、高中文化程度的比例之和超过70%,高于农业从业人员中40.3%的比例3,但受过高等教育的比例过低。文化程度的总体偏低,使得他们在利用生产和市场知识、建立经济组织、并刺激组织成员创造效益机会等方面的潜能较难发挥,进一步的发展也受到限制。新型农民带头人年龄层次较合适。上述110人按照统计方法测算的平均年龄为44岁,其中3039年龄段的比例为24.5%,4049岁年龄段的农民带头人比例达50%,5059岁年龄段的比例20.9%,符合橄榄型的分布特点。和全市农业从业人员中一半以上超过50岁的老化现象相比,有了很大的改善。1.3 人员构成据调研,上海新型农民带头人主要来自四个方面:一是市郊的农民。这是新型农民带头人的主力军,所占比例最高。如在宝山区罗店镇调研时,参加座谈会的合作农场负责人均是从事农业十几年、甚至几十年的老把式,其他不少地区也有类似情况。二是企事业单位退职员工。企事业单位的部分员工退职从事农业生产的比例增大,仅次于前者,说明农业的比较效益正被逐步挖掘。例如,上海皇母蟠桃合作社现任负责人马春风,是从工作了5年的外资企业主管位置退职从事农业生产;上海健绿花菜合作社负责人高慧,是从市级大医院退职回乡务农。三是当地农业技术人员。如毕业于扬州农学院的方云飞,不仅在嘉定区承包了400 hm2土地种水稻和青饲料,还开办了饲养场和有机肥料厂,吸纳了大量农村劳动力一起致富,在多种经营和循环农业方面起到了示范作用。四是外地农民。例如,重庆农民王学军创办的“沪渝农庄”,被定为上海市浦东新区川沙新镇乡村旅游带中圩村旅游点。该农庄专业从事葡萄、梨、桃、茶叶等种植销售、园林家禽养殖销售,涉及农业休闲旅游。此外,课题组还对上述四大主体的比例进行了统计:市郊农民是这支队伍的主力军,约占74.5%;企事业单位退职员工比例也较大,占20%;当地农技人员和外地农民数量较少,分别为3.6%和1.9%。2 上海新型农民带头人发展中的问题近年来,上海已催生一批有一定影响的农民带头人,但这支队伍无论是数量还是质量都不容乐观。主要呈现四个问题:2.1 群体总量不足按前文推算,上海目前新型农民带头人约7 500余人,在现有47.52万农业从业人员中,占比还不到2%,远小于台湾10%的核心农民发展比例4,也小于欧美国家的比例。作为上海农业产业发展的骨干群体,群体总量明显不足,这支队伍尚需不断培育壮大。2.2 辐射带动力不够从发展规模和产值情况来看,新型农民带头人的产业实体规模还不够壮大,且发展差异较大。仍以上述110人为例。从年产值看,百万元(人民币,下同)以下的比例占43.55%,100200万元占20.97%, 2001000万占27.42%,千万元以上的只有8.06%,大多数都处在200万元水平以下,约占65%,且种植业的规模普遍较小。从吸纳劳动力人员来看,大多数处在100人以下,占74.68%, 500人以上只占6.33%,100-500人之间占19%。从带动农户的情况看,目前新型农民带头人在当地农业经济中带动辐射功能尚不够大,58%以上在50户以下。2.3 队伍结构发展失衡从新型农民带头人所处行业分布来看,构成比例失衡。课题组根据带头人所处行业分为8种类型:纯种植型、纯养殖型、纯加工型、纯流通型、种养复合型、种植加工型、养殖加工型、社会化服务型。据调查,大部分带头人从事种植业,比例高达65%以上;从事加工型、流通型和社会化服务型只占7%。从事生产的多,从事加工的少,从事销售的更少,比例显然不合理。从素质能力结构来看,也比较低下。带头人多数是技术型专才,占47%,擅长经营管理的只占10%,复合型的也只有21%,还有32%既不擅长技术,也不擅长经营。2.4 队伍来源先天不足,后继乏人如前文所述,在接受调研的110人中,大专以上文化程度比例仅占15%,队伍的文化素质亟待提高。在年龄结构方面,虽然目前带头人较其他农民优化,但4060岁年龄段的比例仍高达70%,30岁以下的人数只有3.6%。此外,多数农民无原始资本积累,技术储备老化,不少人还是按老经验种田。长此以往,再过十年将会陷入后继无人的危难境地。3 新型农民带头人的培育途径3.1 在推进传统农民转型培训过程中开发、培训一批近年来,上海市政府运用多途径、多渠道、多形式,大力推进传统农民向新型农民转型,使农业一线劳动力的素质有了一定提高,其中一部分人已初步具备新型农民的素质和能力,成为率先实现转型的代表。政府可在他们中间挑选一批纳入培育范围,按需实施针对性的培育扶持,将其逐步培养成有更高能力和作为的新型农民带头人。3.2 在现有新型农民带头人中优化、提升一批针对现有的一批新型农民带头人,相关部门应进一步开展强化性的培育和“充电”,逐步优化提升他们的能力和水平。可以借鉴市农委开办创业农民培训班的模式,收缩实用技术培训的规模,把资金集中到新型农民带头人的培训中来,扩大其规模,提高其质量。在挑选培训对象时,必须要求具备一定的生产规模和文化水平,尽量选拔年轻的农民,以提高培训质量。此外,由于上海农业劳动力数量不断减少,年龄不断老化,现阶段可以先从放开培训限制做起,考虑长期在本市务农的外地种植大户中培养带头人,允许其中的优秀人才参加本市新型农民带头人的培训。3.3 在社会人才资源中导入、培育一批解决现有带头人队伍类型结构失衡、知识结构偏低等问题,需要采取近期和远期相结合的综合举措,逐步改善。在导入“新生力量”方面,要鼓励非农产业的从业人员投身农业,成为新型农民带头人。可以重点考虑以下几种类型:一是原先从事过农业,现有志回归者;二是愿回乡子承父业,且有一定工作经历的年轻人;三是外来资本投资创业者;四是其他行业有一定资历的转入者。在导入方向方面,要重点鼓励从事带头人队伍结构中较欠缺的技术开发、营销、加工和涉农专业服务等行业。在导入的鼓励举措方面,可借鉴二三产业“筑巢引凤”的思路:创建多样化的“农业科技开发园区”、“农业创业园区”等,通过搭建平台提供政策和服务,实施引导与激励相结合的机制。同时,让一部分原企事业员工辞职后承包土地或领办农业企业,同样享受农业生产和培训的优惠政策。3.4 在涉农院校学生中培养、储备一批从长远来看,涉农院校学生是新型农民带头人队伍建设的基本源泉。做好这项工作,要重点解决院校的培养模式不适应、学生不愿务农、务农后留不住三个关键问题。院校培养模式的改革,要以校企合作为平台,理论和实践能力要交叉培养,切实培养会学、能做、有创业能力、受社会欢迎的毕业生。在培养的模式上:一是采取如市农委在交大学生中正在实施的政府助学定向协议式培养;二是采取由市财政拨款进行学费返回的办法,鼓励他们中有志于农业生产的毕业生到农村去,到农业第一线去。三是从每年的农民培训资金中拨出一部分专款,送这些在农村工作满一定年限的优秀人才到国外去深造,提高他们的水平。同时,还要制定鼓励大学生务农创业的相关优惠政策和社会服务举措,为他们毕业后开展自我创业提供良好环境。4 新型农民带头人的培育模式4.1 以产业项目实施为途径、学员共同参与的跟随式培育扶持模式这是一种已被多年实践证明的有效途径,它能将推进产业发展和培育领军人物两者有机结合起来。这种途径是借助于政府行业部门的力量,将为推进某项产业高水平发展而设计的一系列扶持项目作为带头人的培育渠道。具体地,是将项目实施与人才培养相结合,在实践中实施跟随式培训服务模式:学员共同参与,按其所需所求,开展研讨交流活动和全方位、全过程帮助指导,通过项目实施带动人才培养,又通过人才培养推进项目发展。这种途径适用于行业大户、龙头企业负责人等一批农业精英队伍的培育。4.2 以扶持农场、专业合作社发展为途径的渗透式服务培育模式在粮食、蔬菜、瓜果、水产、畜禽和加工营销等大宗农副产品行业,上海将逐步推行家庭农场、集体农场、专业合作社等组织形式,要求一大批有现代生产经营管理能力的带头人来支撑。针对他们的培育,可以将扶持生产经营管理活动作为培养途径。培训学校、政府主管部门和行业专家进行分工合作,按现代化农业发展需要,结合其实际情况和薄弱环节,设计阶梯式培育扶持内容,主动将培训与服务项目渗透到生产、管理和营销各主要环节中,采用农民乐意接受的方式,如利用录像带、光盘等音像教材和广播、电视、英特网等现代远程教学媒体,采用自学和面授结合及现场实践等方法,为他们提供及时的培育和扶持5。在内容上,不但进行实用技术方面的培训,还必须对农民进行管理、经营方面的培训,引导现代农业观,增强市场的意识,提高农产品的竞争力,促进农业结构调整,进而推动农业产业的升级6。通过这种渗透服务的循环,使他们的综合素养和能力得到循序渐进的提高。4.3 以校企交叉合作、引导创业为途径的后备人才培育扶持模式新型农民带头人的后备人才,主要包括在培养的学生和在岗的待培养对象。对他们的培育最有效的模式是校企合作,以引导创业为途径。这种合作必须是深层次的,充分利用各自优势,共同构筑培育扶持专门平台。在培养的具体内容方法和计划安排上要相互渗透,形成一套完整的方案,在企业和学校之间交叉实施,使课堂教学与岗位实践有机结合。实施这种模式的关键,要搭建校企合作的平台和孵化空间,如见习园区、产教研基地、顶岗实践单位、科技实训基地等,提供模拟式、学徒式或顶岗式的学习实践条件,从而培养出真才实学的后备人才。参考文献1 朱仰东.发展现代农业必须大力培养新型农民J.上海农村经济.2007,(6):4-7.2 上海市统计局. 2010年上海统计年鉴M.上海:中国统计出版社,2010:213.3 上海市第二次农业普查领导小组办公室、上海市统计局和国家统计局上海调查总队.上海市第二次农业普查主要数据公报EB/OL. 2008-03-18.4 高启杰.中国台湾省培育核心农民的具体做法J.世界农业.2004,(11):17-19.5 戴洪生.张瑞慈.韩国农民职业教育的特点及启示J.高等农业教育,2003,(3):94-95.6 方志坚.新型农民培训机制的探讨J.中国科教创新导刊.2007,(12):67-68.Editor's note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the world's first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, I've still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, you'd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. I'm anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.It's like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line "we" would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and "capcom" (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, "Fearless Felix" will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, he'll be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes it's not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it won't. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way I'd miss this.