法律英语ppt课件.ppt

2020/3/28,法律英语,1,Lesson Five,Constitution,2020/3/28,法律英语,2,No society can make a perpetual,constitution,or even a perpetual law.,Thomas Jefferson,America president,没有哪个社会可以制订一部永远适用的,宪法，甚至一条永远适用的法律。,美国总统,杰斐逊,T,2020/3/28,法律英语,3,Background,Common Law-Equity Law,Substantive Law-Procedural Law,Public Law-Private Law,法,律,分,类,Constitution,2020/3/28,法律英语,4,History of,the Constitution,Articles of,Confederation and,Perpetual Union,联邦条例,(1777),2020/3/28,法律英语,5,History of,the Constitution,THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION,(1789),2020/3/28,法律英语,8,History of,the Constitution,Amendments(,1-27,),THE FIRST 10 AMENDMENTS TO THE,U.S.CONSTITUTION,?,BILL OF RIGHTS,?,权利和自由修正案,2020/3/28,法律英语,9,Part One:The constitution as,supreme law,獜灵敲敭氠睡漠?桴?慬摮尮,?,宪法是美国最高法律。,When state constitutions or laws passed,by state legislatures or the national,Congress,conflict with,the federal,Constitution,they have,no force.,没有效力,2020/3/28,法律英语,10,Decisions handed down by the,Supreme Court,have confirmed,and strengthened,“,Doctrine of,constitutional supremacy,”,联邦最高法院宣布的决定证实并加,强了,宪法至上原则。,2020/3/28,法律英语,11,Final authority is vested in the,American people.,最终权力属于美国人民,change the fundamental law,amending the Constitution,修改宪法,drafting a new one,起草新宪法,2020/3/28,法律英语,12,The day-to-day business of,government is delegated by the,people to,public officials,.,人民将日常政治工作委托给,公务员,。,Elected,选举,Appointed,委任,2020/3/28,法律英语,13,Public officials,Power,is limited.,权力受限制。,Their,public actions,must conform to the,Constitution,and to,the laws,made in,accord with the Constitution.,他们的,公共行为,必须符合,宪法,和依照宪,法制定的,法律,。,2020/3/28,法律英语,14,Elected officials must stand for,re-,election,at periodic intervals,when their,records are subject to,intensive public,scrutiny,.,选举产生的官员要接受定期,重新选举,，,其政绩要,受到公众全面监督,。,2020/3/28,法律英语,15,Appointed officials,serve,at the pleasure,of the person or authority who appointed,them,and,may be removed,when their,performance is unsatisfactory.,委任的官员,应该让任命他们的人或机构,满,意,。如果他们的政绩令人不满意，他们就,会,被撤职,。,Exception,Justices of the Supreme Court,and other federal judges,Lifetime appointment,2020/3/28,法律英语,16,Ballot box,The American,people,express,their will,through,the,ballot box,.,美国人通过,投票箱,表达他们的,意愿。,2020/3/28,法律英语,17,The process of impeachment,弹劾程序,removal of a public official from office,?,将一个政府官员撤职,In case of extreme,misconduct or,malfeasance,严重失职或渎职,2020/3/28,法律英语,18,宪法第条第项：,总统、副总统和合众国的所有文职官员，,凡受叛国、贿赂或其他重罪轻罪的弹劾,并被判定有罪时，应被免职。,Treason,叛国罪,Bribery,受贿罪,Misdemeanor,轻罪,Other high crimes,其他重罪,2020/3/28,法律英语,19,Impeachment,House of Representatives,vote a bill,of impeachment.,众议院,投票通过弹劾议案,Senate,with the,Chief Justice of the,United States,presiding at the trail.,在,参议院,，由首席大法官主持审判,众议院是作为起诉人的角色，,而参议院充当弹劾法庭的角色,2020/3/28,法律英语,20,Impeachment,Drastic measure,?,严厉措施,Only 13 U.S.,officials have been,impeached,只有,13,名联邦官员,受到弹劾,Judges,Associate Justice of,the Supreme Court,Secretary of War,Senator,president,2020/3/28,法律英语,21,参议院的审理结果是：,名法官中，,人被宣判有罪而被免,职，,人被宣布无罪,；,以无管辖权为由驳回了众议院对参议,员的起诉；,以一票之差宣告,约翰逊总统无罪,；,宣告陆军部长无罪,。,2020/3/28,法律英语,26,Three branches of the national,government,Legislative,立法机关,Executive,执法机关,Judicial,司法机关,2020/3/28,法律英语,27,2020/3/28,法律英语,28,Part 2:The principles of government,Three main branches of government are,separated,and,distinct,from one another.,三个主要的政府机构相互,独立,和,区别,。,The powers given to each are delicately,balanced,by the powers of the other two.,给予一个机构的权力受到另两个机构的,微妙,制约,。,2020/3/28,法律英语,29,Each branch serves as a check on,potential excesses,of the others.,每一个部门都作为对其他部门,可能滥,用职权,的制约。,2020/3/28,法律英语,32,宪法至上,The,Constitution,law,and,treaties,entered into by the,President and approved by the,Senate,stands above all,other laws,executive acts and regulations,.,宪法,、按照宪法规定通过的,法律,以及总,统签署、参议院批准的,条约,高于,其他法,律、行政法和条例,。,2020/3/28,法律英语,33,Equal,All men are,equal before the law,.,法律面前人人平等。,All men are equally,entitled to law,s,protection.,所有人都有权享有法律的保护。,All,states,are equal.,所有的州都平等。,2020/3/28,法律英语,34,State government,，,like the federal,government,must be,republican,in form,with final authority,resting in the people,.,与联邦政府一样，州政府形式上必须是,共,和制,，最终权力,归于人民,。,2020/3/28,法律英语,35,Part 3:Provisions of Amendment,Changes,would be needed from time to time,if the Constitution were to,endure,and,keep,pace with the growth,of the nation.,宪法要想,保持活力,并,跟得上国家发展的步,伐,，就必须,不断改变,。,2020/3/28,法律英语,36,The process of changes,should not,be facile,太容易,permitting ill-conceived,允许设计不周到,hastily passed amendments,仓促通过修正案,A minority could not block,action desired by most of the people,2020/3/28,法律英语,37,A dual process to change the Constitution,Congress may initiate an amendment,国会提起宪法修改动议,The legislatures of states may ask,Congress to call a national convention,to discuss and draft amendments.,州立法机关要求国会召开国民大会讨,论并起草修正案,Approved by?of the states,?,的州认可后才能生效,2020/3/28,法律英语,38,Aside from,the direct process,of,changing the constitution itself,The effect of its provisions may be,changed by,judicial interpretation,除了,直接改变,宪法本身外，通过,司法,解释,，可以改变宪法条款的效果。,2020/3/28,法律英语,39,The doctrine of judicial review,司法审查原则,Landmark case,William,Marbury,James,Madison,vs.,2020/3/28,法律英语,40,In,Marbury vs.Madison,Chief Justice,John,Marshall,established the,principle of,judicial,review,of,the,constitutionality of acts,of Congress,.,Chief Justice,John Marshall,(1755-,1835),2020/3/28,法律英语,41,judicial review,司法审查权,The power of,the Court,to,interpret,acts of,Congress,and,decide,their,constitutionality.,司法审查权是,联邦最高法院,解释,国会行,为并,确定,国会,行为合宪性的权力。,2020/3/28,法律英语,42,judicial review,司法审查权,The power of,the Court,to,explain,the meaning,of various sections of,the Constitution as they apply to,changing legal,political,economic,and social conditions.,司法审查权包含,最高法院,解释,宪法各,部分在改变法律、政治、经济和社会,环境方面,作用,的权力。,2020/3/28,法律英语,43,?,A series of,Court decisions,has had the,effect of,altering the thrust of,constitutional law,with,no substantive,change,in the Constitution itself.,?,最高法院裁决,有,改变宪法指向,的,效果，但,并没有使宪法本身发生实质,性变化,。,2020/3/28,法律英语,44,Congressional legislation,passed to,implement provisions of the basic law,or to adapt it to changing conditions,also,broadens,and,changes,the meaning,of the constitution.,国会,为执行基本法或使基本法适应改变,的环境而,制定的法律,，也,拓宽和改变,了,宪法的含义。,2020/3/28,法律英语,45,The rules and regulations,of myriad,agencies of,the federal government,may have a similar effect.,联邦政府,各机构制定的,规章制度,也具,有类似的作用（,拓宽和改变了宪法的,含义,）。,Acid test,法律和规章符合,宪法本身的立法,意图和目的,2020/3/28,法律英语,46,重点专业词汇,Articles of Confederation,BILL OF RIGHTS,Doctrine of constitutional supremacy,Lifetime appointment,Ballot box,Impeachment,misconduct or malfeasance,2020/3/28,法律英语,47,Treason,Bribery,Misdemeanor,House of Representatives,Senate,Legislative,，,Executive,，,Judicial,Amendment,The doctrine of judicial review,The rules and regulations,2020/3/28,法律英语,48,Questions about the text,2020/3/28,法律英语,49,Map of USA,