太阳能发电技术——光伏发电系统控制器毕业设计外文翻译.doc

附件1：外文资料翻译译文 太阳能发电技术光伏发电系统控制器1 太阳能充放电控制器现状1.1太阳能光伏发电太阳能作为新能源有着巨大的优势，所以世界各国都在努力研发新技术进行获取，比较成熟的是太阳能光伏发电技术。太阳能光伏发电现已成为新能源和可再生能源的重要组成部分，也被认为是当前世界最有发展前景的新能源技术。目前太阳能光伏发电装置已广泛应用于通讯，交通，电力等各个方面。在进行太阳能光伏发电时，由于一般太阳能极板输出电压不稳定，不能直接将太阳能极板应用于负载，需要将太阳能转变为电能后存储到一定的储能设备中，如铅酸蓄电池。但只有当太阳能光伏发电系统工作过程中保持蓄电池没有过充电，也没有过放电，才能使蓄电池的使用寿命延长，效率也得以提高，因此必须对工作过程加以研究分析而予以控制，这种情况下太阳能充电控制器应运而生。1.2充电控制器的作用及现状太阳能充电控制器具备充电控制、过充保护、过放保护、防反接保护及短路保护等一系列功能，解决了这一难题，这样控制器在这个过程中起着枢纽作用，它控制太阳能极板对蓄电池的充电，加快蓄电池的充电速度，延长蓄电池的使用寿命。同时太阳能充放电控制器还控制蓄电池对负载的供电，保护蓄电池和负载电路，避免蓄电池发生过放现象，由此可见，控制器具有举足轻重的作用。市目前场上有各种各样的太阳能控制器，但这些控制器主要问题对于蓄电池的保护不够充分，不合适的充放电方式容易导致蓄电池的损坏，使蓄电池的使用寿命降低。目前，控制器常用的蓄电池充电法包括三种：恒流充电法、阶段充电法和恒压充电法。但是这些方法由于充电方式单一加上控制策略不够完善，都存在一定的局限性。另一方面，当蓄电池给负载供电时，由于控制器不能时刻检测蓄电池的电压，这样很容易发生蓄电池的过放电，将会导致蓄电池的深度放电，严重影响其寿命。所以，如何改善太阳充控制器的充放电方式，开发性能优良的充放电控制器，提高其在实际应用中的效率，成为了一个重要的研究方面。2 控制器类型 控制器的基本功能类似于电压调整器 ，主要用于防止蓄 电池被太阳电 池方阵过充电和被负载过放电。控制 器主要有四种类型：旁路控制器 、串联控制器 、多阶控制器和脉冲控制器。 2.1 旁路控制器 旁路控制器主要用 于小型光伏 系 统。当蓄电池充满时，通过旁路蓄电池 来防止过充电。旁路控制器的电路 系 统监控蓄电池电压，当达到标志着蓄电池充满的予置电平时过充电流将被功率晶体管旁路到电阻器，将多余的额外功率转变为热。旁路控制器的功率晶体管有带翅的散热器，帮助发散热量。旁路控制器也可与二极管结合，以防止夜间电流从蓄电池流回方阵。二极管的作用如同一种形式的阀门，充电期间允许电流流入蓄电池 ，在夜间防止蓄电池电流向方阵“回流”或称“反向泄漏”。旁路控制器设计简单。价格便宜，为避免周围环境影响，电路系统完全是密封的，同时叉要便于为冷却翅提供通风路径。分流控制的缺点是，有限的负载操作能力和有通风要求 22 串联控 制 器 当蓄电池电压达到被称为充电终止点的予置电压值时，串联控制器通过开关切断电流 ，防止蓄电池过充。当蓄电池达到充电恢复调整点低端予置电平时 ，控制器将方阵和蓄电池接通。合成一体的内置定时器，在充电过程终Lr至蓄电池组放电终止期间进行恒压充电循环。串联控制器使用传感器来代替二极管通断电路，以防止夜间的“反向泄漏”。由于不需要发散热最，串联控制器不安装散热器 体积小价格便宜的串联控制器，较“旁路控制器”具有更大的负载操作能力 ，通常也不要求特殊的通风。 23 多阶控制器 多阶控制器依据蓄电池的充电状态，自动设定不同的充电电流。当蓄电池处于未充满状态时 ，允许方阵电流全部流进蓄电池。当蓄电池组接近充满时，控制器消耗掉一些方阵输出功率，以便减少流进蓄电池的电流。当蓄电池组漫漫接近完全充满时 ，“涓流”充电渐渐停止。这种充电方式可以延长蓄电池使用寿命。多阶控制器需耍适 当的通风 通常这种控制器设一个继电器开关 ，防止夜 的“反向泄漏”。 24 脉冲控制器 脉冲控制器以“斩波”方式工作，对蓄电池进行脉冲充电脉冲控制器的核心部件是一个受充电电压调制的“充电脉冲发生器”。开始充电时脉冲控制器以宽脉冲充电，随着充电电压的上升 ，充电脉冲宽度逐渐变窄，平均充电电流减小。当充电电压达到予置电平时 ，充电脉冲宽度变为零 ，充 电终止。脉冲控制器充电方法合理，效率高。 3 控制器性能特点31 过放 电保护 使蓄电池避免过度放电，是光伏系统控制器的另一重要功 能。如果不注意 ，光伏系统的负载能够轻易地耗尽蓄电池的电 能。一般的光伏系统控制器都具有保护深循环蓄电池过度放电 的功能。控制器防止蓄电池过放电的措施有： (1)在达到予置的待充电电平时 ，断开负载。 (2)信号灯或蜂鸣器动作报警 ，显示蓄电池 电压过低。 (3)自动接通一个后备电源。当蓄电池处于低 的荷电状态 时，启动后备电源，例如柴油发电机向蓄电池组充电。当蓄电池 被充满后 ，控制器断开后备 电源 ，光伏系统重新开始它的蓄电 池充电运行。 3.2 控制器功能选择 商品化制造的光伏系统控制器 ，其功能特点各有不同，可 根据下列的控制器功能特点进行选择。 (1)温度补偿：依据环境温度调整蓄电池充电电流。 (2)负载断路器：当更换熔断器有困难或不能满足需要时， 可以代替负载熔断器。 (3)低电压报警器：当蓄电池荷电状态低于予置电平时，可 听到警告声响。 (4)低电压断开：当蓄电池放电至予置电平时，自动切断负载。(5)电压指示器：模拟或数字方式显示蓄电池电压 ，指示蓄 电池的荷电状态。 (6)电流指示器 ：模拟或数字方式显示太阳电池方阵电流 和输出的负载电流。 (7)安培小时计 ：数字 示蓄电池已放电量或剩余电量。 (8)后备充电启动控制：自动启动后备电源，对蓄电池组进 行充电。 (9)方阵功率分流调节器：将多余的方阵充电功率旁路到 非重要负载 ，例如电热水器等。 (10)日照监测器：测量可利用的太阳辐射强度。 (11)负载记时器 ：定时负载用的记时钟 ，用于需要予置运 行时间的负载，例如安全警戒照明灯等。 (12)充 电指示：蓄电池达到充满电压时 ，发光二极管指示 灯点亮。(13)自动均衡充电：定期 自动对蓄电池进行均恒充电。 附件2：外文原文 SOLAR POWER GENERATION TECHNOLOGY Photovoltaic power generation system controller  B Seetanah     A J Khadaro  1 solar charging and discharging controller status quo1.1 solar photovoltaic power generationSolar energy as a new energy has a huge advantage, so all countries in the world in efforts to develop new technology to obtain more mature is solar photovoltaic power generation technology. Solar photovoltaic power generation has become an important part of the new energy and renewable energy, is also considered the current of the world's most promising new energy technologies. The current solar photovoltaic power generation device has been widely used in communications, transportation, electricity, and other aspects.In the solar photovoltaic power generation, as a result of general solar plate output voltage is not stable, not directly applying solar energy plate to load, needs to transform solar energy into electrical energy stored in a storage device, such as lead-acid battery. But only when the solar photovoltaic power generation system in the process of the work, keep the battery charged had no discharge, to extend the service life of the battery, it also increased efficiency, so must be made on the working process of the research analysis and control, in this case the solar charge controller arises at the historic moment.1.2 the effect of charge controller and the present situationSolar charge controller with control charging, overcharge protection, discharge protection, meter, and a series of protection and short circuit protection function, solved this problem, this controller plays a pivotal role in the process, it controls the solar plate of battery charging, speed up the battery charging, prolong the service life of the battery. Solar charge controller but also control the load power supply, battery protect battery and load circuit, avoid battery discharge phenomenon, thus, the controller plays a decisive role.City currently has a variety of solar controller, but the main problem controller to protect the battery enough, inappropriate is easy to cause the damage to the battery charge and discharge way, reduce the service life of the battery. At present, the commonly used controller battery charging method includes three types: constant current charging method, phase charging method and constant voltage charging method. But these methods due to the imperfection of the charging ways of a single and control strategy, there are some limitations. On the other hand, when the battery to the load power supply, as the battery voltage detection controller can't time, so it is easy to occur over discharge of battery, will lead to the depth of the battery discharge, seriously affect its life.So, how to improve the solar charge controller to charge and discharge, development of excellent performance of charge and discharge controller, to improve the efficiency in the practical application, has become an important research aspect.待添加的隐藏文字内容1Two types of controllerThe basic function of the controller is similar to the voltage regulator, is mainly used to prevent the battery by solar electricity storagePool phalanx of charging and been load discharge. Control device mainly has four kinds: the bypass controller, serial controller, controller and multistage pulse controller.2.1 the bypass controllerBypass controller mainly use for small pv system. When the battery is full, through the bypass batteryTo prevent over charging. Bypass circuit system to monitor the battery voltage of the controller, when achieved marked the battery is full of in the electricity at ordinary times of charging flow will be power transistor bypass to the resistor, excess extra power into heat. Bypass the controller's power transistor with fin radiator, help radiate heat. Bypass the controller can also be combined with diode, in order to prevent the night electric current to flow from the battery back to square. The role of the diode as a form of valve, lets current flow into the battery during charging, at night to prevent battery electric flow phalanx "return" or said"Reverse leakage". Bypass controller has a simple design. Cheaper price, in order to avoid the environment influence, circuit system is completely sealed, fork at the same time to facilitate ventilation path for cooling fins. Bypass control fault is, the limited load operation ability and ventilation requirements2.2 serial controlWhen the battery voltage to known as charging termination points in the voltage value, the series controller by switch to cut off the current, to prevent the battery overcharge. When battery charge to restore some low-end adjusted in the electricity at ordinary times, the controller will phalanx and battery connected. Synthesis of one of the built-in timer, in the charging process between Lr and battery discharge termination. Constant voltage charging cycle. Series controller using sensors to replace the diode on-off circuit, to prevent the "reverse leakage" in the night. Because do not need to send the most heat dissipation, not to install the radiator series controller Small volume price cheap series controller, a "bypass controller" has greater load operation ability, is usually not requiredSpecial ventilation.More than 2.3 order controllerMore order controller on the basis of the storage battery charging status, automatic setting different charging current. When the battery is in a state of underfill, allowing all square current flow into the battery. Controller when the battery is close to full of consume some square power output, in order to reduce the current flow into the battery. When battery long close to full, gradually stop "trickle charging. This way of charging can extend the service life of the battery. More order controllers need to be comfortable when ventilation. Usually, this set a relay switch controller, prevent the "reverse leakage" of the night.2.4 pulse controllerPulse controller with "chopping" way to work, the core component of pulse charging pulse controller for battery is a charging voltage modulation charging pulse generator. Start charging pulse controller with wide pulse charging, as the charging voltage rise, charging pulse width Narrows gradually, the average charging current decreases. When the charging voltage reaches in the electricity at ordinary times, charging pulse width goes to zero, rechargeable electric terminated. Pulse controller charging method is reasonable, high efficiency.3 controller performance characteristics3.1 put electricity protectionTo avoid excessive battery discharge, is another important power of the pv system controller. If do not pay attention to, the photovoltaic system load can run out of battery power can easily. General photovoltaic system controller has deep cycle battery protection function of excessive discharge. Controller to prevent the battery discharge measures include: (1) is reached in the charge for electricity at ordinary times, disconnect the load. (2) of a semaphore or buzzer alarm, shows that the battery voltage is too low. (3) through to a backup power supply automatically. When the battery is in a state of low charged, start the backup power supply, such as diesel generator to the battery charging. When when the battery is filled, a continuous controller disconnect back-up power, photovoltaic system restart it electric storage pool charging operation.3.2 the functionCommercialization of pv system controller, its function characteristics are different, can undertake choosing according to the following controller function characteristic. (1) temperature compensation: according to environment temperature to adjust the battery charging current. (2) the load circuit breaker: when if there is any difficulty cannot satisfy the needs or replace the fuse, fuse can substitute for load. (3) low voltage alarm: when the battery charged state is lower than in the electricity at ordinary times, can hear the warning sound. (4) low voltage disconnect: when the battery to discharge in the electricity at ordinary times, cut off the load automatically. (5) the voltage indicator: analog or digital display battery voltage, indicates the charged state of storage battery. (6) current indicator: analog or digital display solar cell phalanx output current and load current. (7) ampere hour meter: digital storage battery is power or battery. (8) backup start charging control: automatically start backup power supply, recharging the battery into the line. (9) square power shunt regulator: excess phalanx charging power to bypassThe important load, such as electric water heater, etc. Rizhao monitor (10) : measurement of available solar radiation intensity. (11) load chronograph: load with the clock regularly, line in the shipment time is applied to load, such as security lighting, etc. (12) rechargeable electric instructions: to achieve full of battery voltage, light emitting diodeLights up. (13) automatic equalizing charge: automatically on a regular basis for both constant charging battery.