BBS的发展史毕业论文外文翻译.doc

学校代码 10722 学号 0910014128 分类号 TP311 密级 公开 本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 题目： The history of Bulletin board system BBS的发展史 译者姓名 专业名称 计算机科学与技术 学科门类 理学 指导教师 提交论文日期 二一三年五月 成绩等级评定The history of Bulletin board systemA bulletin board system, or BBS, is a computer system running software that allows users to connect and log into the system using a terminal program. Once logged in, a user can perform functions such as uploading and downloading software and data, reading news and bulletins, and exchanging messages with other users, either through email, public message boards, and sometimes via direct chatting. Many BBSes also offer on-line games, in which users can compete with each other, and BBSes with multiple phone lines often provide chat rooms, allowing users to interact with each other.Originally BBSes were accessed only over a phone line using a modem, but by the early 1990s some BBSes allowed access via a Telnet, packet switched network, or packet radio connection.Ward Christensen coined the term "bulletin board system" as a reference to the traditional cork-and-pin bulletin board often found in entrances of supermarkets, schools, libraries or other public areas where people can post messages, advertisements, or community news. By "computerizing" this method of communications, the name of the BBS的发展史 电子公告板系统，或论坛，是一个计算机系统上运行的软件，允许用户连接并登录到系统中使用的终端程序。登录后，用户可以执行的功能，如上传和下载软件和数据，阅读新闻和公告，并与其他用户的信息交换，或者通过电子邮件，公共留言板，有时通过直接聊天。许多BBS还提供在线游戏，用户可以在其中互相竞争，和BBS与多个电话经常提供聊天室，允许用户相互作用。本BBS访问仅在使用调制解调器的电话线，但在20世纪90年代早期的一些论坛允许访问通过telnet，分组交换网络，或分组无线连接。克里斯坦森创造了“公告牌系统”作为一个借鉴传统软木公告板和销中经常发现的入口，超市，学校，图书馆和其他公共区域，人们可以发布消息，广告，或社区新闻。“计算机”这一方法的第一通信，BBS系统的名字是天生的：CBBS -电子布告栏系统。在其鼎盛时期，从70年代末到90年代中期，大多数BBS运行作为一个的系统操作员，免费的爱好（或“站长”），而其他用户访问的BBS收取订阅费，或是由企业为支持他们的客户的工作方式。公告板系统在很多方面都是万维网的现代形式的前体，社会化网络服务和互联网等方面。first BBS system was born: CBBS - Computerized Bulletin Board System. During their heyday from the late 1970s to the mid-1990s, most BBSes were run as a hobby free of charge by the system operator (or "sysop"), while other BBSes charged their users a subscription fee for access, or were operated by a business as a means of supporting their customers. Bulletin board systems were in many ways a precursor to the modern form of the World Wide Web, social network services and other aspects of the Internet. As the use of the Internet became more widespread in the mid to late 1990s,traditional BBSes rapidly faded in popularity. Today, Internet forums occupy much of the same social and technological space as BBSes did, and the term BBS is often used to refer to any online forum or message board. Although BBSing survives only as a niche hobby in most parts of the world, it is still an extremely popular form of communication for Taiwanese youth (see PTT Bulletin Board System). Most BBSes are now accessible over Telnet and typically offer free email accounts, FTP services, IRC and all of the protocols commonly used on the Internet. Some offer 随着互联网的使用越来越广泛，上世纪90年代中后期，传统的BBS迅速褪色的流行。今天，互联网的论坛上占据相同的社会和技术空间BBS一样，和长期的BBS经常被用来指任何在线论坛或留言板。虽然bbsing只能存活在世界大部分地区的一位爱好，它仍然是一个非常受欢迎的台湾青年交流形式（见PTT电子布告栏系统）。大多数BBS现在可以通过telnet和通常提供免费的电子邮件，FTP服务，IRC和所有常用的网络协议。一些提供访问通过数据包交换网络，或分组无线连接。早期的BBS往往是局部现象，作为一个有拨入一个BBS与电话线和将要支付额外的长途费用对于一个论坛的本地电话区域。因此，许多用户的一个给定的BBS通常住在同一地区，和活动，如BBS满足或聚会是常见的，董事会的用户会在当地的餐馆收集，系统管理员的家或类似的场所和面对面。早期的例子向公众公告板系统的前体是社区记忆，开始于1973八月，伯克利，加利福尼亚，用硬接线端子位于街区。 1 社区记忆允许用户输入信息到一个终端插入硬币后，提供了一个“纯”的公告板的经验与公共消息只 （没有邮件或其他功能）。它所提供的与关键词标签信息的能力，它的用户可以搜索。access through packet switched networks, or packet radio connections.Early BBSes were often a local phenomenon, as one had to dial into a BBS with a phone line and would have to pay additional long distance charges for a BBS out of the local calling area. Thus, many users of a given BBS usually lived in the same area, and activities such as BBS meets or get togethers were common, where users of the board would gather at a local restaurant, the sysops home or similar venue and meet face to face.Early examplesA precursor to the public bulletin board system was Community Memory, started in August, 1973 in Berkeley, California, using hardwired terminals located in neighborhoods.1 Community Memory allowed the user to type messages into a terminal after inserting a coin, and offered a "pure" bulletin board experience with public messages only (no email or other features). It did offer the ability to tag messages with keywords, which the user could search on.The first public dial-up BBS was developed by Ward Christensen and Randy Suess. According to an early interview, with the city snowed under during the Great Blizzard of 1978 in Chicago, the two began第一个公共拨号论坛由克里斯坦森和兰迪休斯发达。根据早期的采访，与城市的雪下在芝加哥的1978大暴雪，两人开始初步工作的电子布告栏系统，或CBBS。CBBS走在1978年2月16日在芝加哥，伊利诺斯在线。 2 CBBS，使数据报道253301人来电，连接才终于退休了。增加的速度和实际使用用于BBS需要创新的关键是海因斯smartmodem。对smartmodem之前，调制解调器操作几乎完全手册，从声耦合器，采用传统的电话拨号和挂断了。这样的系统是无用的BBS系统，因为他们不能断开呼叫的用户不在挂上电话后。该smartmodem包括一个小的微控制器，听关键词的数据，允许它拿起电话，拨打号码，再挂上，都无需操作员干预。该smartmodem BBS是没有必要的，其他的调制解调器将处于“回答”模式，但smartmodem操作极为简单的用户端通过允许任何数量的BBS系统方便拨号。与原来的110和300波特的调制解调器在70年代晚期，BBS是特别慢，文件传输，通常局限于文本文件（BBS系统的列表是一个常见的例子）和小的应用软件，用于访问BBS通常的终端程序。随着1200比特/秒的耳中引入改进的速度的调制解调 preliminary work on the Computerized Bulletin Board System, or CBBS. CBBS went online on February 16, 1978 in Chicago, Illinois.2 CBBS, which kept a count of callers, reportedly connected 253,301 callers before it was finally retired.citation neededIncreasing speeds and practical useeditA key innovation required for the BBS was the Hayes Smartmodem. Prior to the Smartmodem, modems were almost entirely manual in operation, having developed from acoustic couplers that used a traditional telephone for dialing and hanging up. Such systems were largely useless for BBS systems, because they could not disconnect after the call completed without the user physically hanging up the phone. The Smartmodem included a small microcontroller that listened for key words in the data, allowing it to pick up the phone, dial numbers, and hang up again, all without any operator intervention. The Smartmodem was not necessary for BBS use, other modems could be left in "answer mode", but the Smartmodem made operation dramatically simpler on the user end by allowing the easy dialing of any number of BBS systems.With the original 110 and 300 baud modems of the late 1970s, BBSes were 器速度提高，这导致人气大幅增加。对于复杂的ANSI和ASCII的屏幕和更大的文件传输征税可用信道容量的需求，这反过来又推动更快的调制解调器的需求。1200了2400的较快，其次是一个延迟在9600成为常见的。9600甚至没有设立一个强有力的标准在14.4 kbit / s的接管。另一个延迟是由于长期的标准流程28.8发布之前，只有将很快取代33.6。大部分的信息显示，使用普通的ASCII文本或者艺术，虽然一些BBS进行高分辨率的视觉格式如创新但不起眼的远程成像协议。许多系统变得相当复杂的图形，特别是考虑到该系统仅限于ASCII码。几个系统试图模拟图形用户界面显示，只是作为DOS附加或苹果系统的出现。可能的图形演示的最终发展为南加州大学bbs动态页面实现（uscbbs）由苏珊biddlecomb，比HTML的动态网页的实现。一个完整的“动态网页”的实现是使用一个均衡的附加展示一个完整的菜单系统分别为每个用户定制TBBS完成。广泛的应用和迅速消失对上世纪90年代初，该论坛的行业变得如此受欢迎，它产生了三个月的杂志，boardwatch，论坛杂志，并在亚洲和澳大利亚，芯片N位的杂志，致力于广泛覆盖的软件和技术的创新和他们身后的人，和上市的美国和全世界的BBS。 3 此外，在美 software applications, typically terminal programs for accessing BBSes. Speed improved with the introduction of 1200 bit/s modems in the early 1980s, and this led to a substantial increase in popularity. The demand for complex ANSI and ASCII screens and larger file transfers taxed available channel capacity, which in turn propelled demand for faster modems. 1200 gave way to 2400 fairly rapidly, followed by a delay before 9,600 became common. 9,600 was not even established as a strong standard before 14.4 kbit/s took over. Another delay followed due to a long standards process before 28.8 was released, only to be quickly replaced by 33.6.Most of the information was displayed using ordinary ASCII text or ANSI art, though some BBSes experimented with higher resolution visual formats such as the innovative but obscure Remote Imaging Protocol. Many systems became quite sophisticated in graphic presentation, especially considering that the system was confined to ASCII codes. Several systems attempted to simulate the appearance of GUI displays which were just appearing as DOS add-ons or Apple systems. Probably the 国，一个主要的月刊杂志，电脑购物，携带一个列表的BBS以及一个简短的摘要的每一个产品。根据名列表，BBS达到高峰使用1996左右，这是万维网突然成为主流的同一时期。BBS迅速没落之后，并通过互联网连接的系统所取代。一些大型的商业论坛，如maxmegabyte和execpc BBS，演变为互联网服务提供商。网站作为归档文件的BBS历史。在历史论坛列表包含超过105000个论坛已经存在超过20年在北美国。对，老板杰森史葛，也产生了论坛：纪录片，DVD电影记述BBS和特点与知名人士的访谈，历史（主要是美国）从BBS时代的全盛时期。ultimate development of graphic presentations was the Dynamic page implementation of the University of Southern California BBS (USCBBS) by Susan Biddlecomb, which predated the implementation of the HTML Dynamic web page. A complete "Dynamic web page" implementation was accomplished using TBBS with a TDBS add-on presenting a complete menu system individually customized for each user.Most of the information was displayed using ordinary ASCII text or ANSI art, though some BBSes experimented with higher resolution visual formats such as the innovative but obscure Remote Imaging Protocol. Many systems became quite sophisticated in graphic presentation, especially considering that the system was confined to ASCII codes. Several systems attempted to simulate the appearance of GUI displays which were just appearing as DOS add-ons or Apple systems. Probably the ultimate development of graphic presentations was the Dynamic page implementation of the University of Southern California BBS (USCBBS) by Susan Biddlecomb, which predated the implementation of the HTML Dynamic web page. A complete "Dynamic web page" implementation was accomplished using TBBS with a TDBS add-on presenting a complete menu system individually customized for each user.Widespread use and rapid disappearanceTowards the early 1990s, the BBS industry became so popular that it spawned three monthly magazines, Boardwatch, BBS Magazine, and in Asia and Australia, Chips 'n Bits Magazine which devoted extensive coverage of the software and technology innovations and people behind them, and listings to US and worldwide BBSes.3 In addition, in the USA, a major monthly magazine, Computer Shopper, carried a list of BBSes along with a brief abstract of each of their offerings.According to the FidoNet Nodelist, BBSes reached their peak usage around 1996, which was the same period that the World Wide Web suddenly became mainstream. BBSes rapidly declined in popularity thereafter, and were replaced by systems using the Internet for connectivity. Some of the larger commercial BBSes, such as MaxMegabyte and ExecPC BBS, evolved into Internet Service Providers.The website serves as an archive that documents the history of the BBS.complete menu system individually customized for each user.Widespread use and rapid disappearanceTowards the early 1990s, the BBS industry became so popular that it spawned three monthly magazines, Boardwatch, BBS Magazine, and in Asia and Australia, Chips 'n Bits Magazine which devoted extensive coverage of the software and technology innovations and people behind them, and listings to US and worldwide BBSes.3 In addition, in the USA, a major monthly magazine, Computer Shopper, carried a list of BBSes along with a brief abstract of each of their offerings.According to the FidoNet Nodelist, BBSes reached their peak usage around 1996, which was the same period that the World Wide Web suddenly became mainstream. BBSes rapidly declined in popularity thereafter, and were replaced by systems using the Internet for connectivity. Some of the larger commercial BBSes, such as MaxMegabyte and ExecPC BBS, evolved into Internet Service Providers.The website serves as an archive that documents the history of the BBS. The historical BBS list on contains over 105,000 BBSes that have existed over a span of 20 years in North America alone. The owner of , Jason Scott, also produced BBS: The Documentary, a DVD film that chronicles the history of the BBS and features interviews with well-known people (mostly from the United States) from the heyday BBS era.